HISTOEY OF THE AMERICAN MENHADEN. 215 



the Lofoden Islaud by Dr. Scbeibler and Herr Fioblich. lu 1856, 

 Stoeckbardt informs us tbat a joiut stock-compauy bad been formed at 

 Cbristiana for tbe manufacture of the guano, and bad taken tbe patent 

 from Dr. K. Hansen and F. C. Scbiibler. (Tbe Dr. Scbiebler above ?) 

 Tbe company consisted of tbese two gentlemen and tbree otbers, Messrs. 

 Friihlicb, Brocb, and Heftye. In 1859, be reports tbe manufacture as 

 having finally begun in tbe past season (1858) on a large scale. In 1860, 

 tbe guano was offered for sale in Germany, by Mr. Meinert, of Leipsic. 

 In 18G3, Mr. Meinert states tbat, "unfortunately," tbe fisb guano bas 

 become so popular in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, tbat a large part 

 of tbe supply bas been retained tbere, and not enougb will reacb Germany 

 to supiily tbe demand. In 18G9, Meinert reports to tbe "Ackersmann" 

 tbat tbe manufacture bas attained sucb a degree of i)erfection tbat an 

 article can be offered of uniform composition, and containing 8 to 10 per 

 cent, of nitrogen and 10 to 15 per cent, of pbospboric acid. 



In 1870, it was stated tbat tbe refuse of 4 to 5 million codfish was 

 worked up into guano, while tbat of tbe remaining 14 to 15 million w^as 

 still allowed to go to waste. 



In 1871, Meinert, whose accounts of his journeys to Lofoden, published 

 in tbe "Chemiscbe Ackersmann," are well worth the reading, reports tbe 

 success of attempts, undertaken by himself, to make guano from whole 

 fisb, from kinds whose inferior value for human food had caused them to 

 be sold at very low prices or to be used in Norway for cattle food. From 

 tbese "waste fisb" 200 tons of guano had been prepared, of so good 

 quality that a content of 11 to 12 per cent, nitrogen and 5 to G per cent, 

 pbospboric acid. The high proportion of nitrogen is due to the use of 

 the whole fisb. It finds rapid sales at higher prices than the ordinary 

 guano. 



In 1874, the "Landwirthschaftliches Centralblatt" (XXII, 613) speaks 

 of the Norwegian guano as follows : 



"Tbe Norwegian guano, as is well known, is made of the beads 

 and backs of tbe cod.* Tbese fisb are taken from January to May, 

 all along the coast from Finmark to Hammerfest, lat. 68-71 N., but 

 especially on tbe Lofoden Islands. During the season 2,000 fishermen 

 are engaged. The catch of cod bas averaged during tbe past ten years, 

 according to statistical reports, from 18.000,000 to 22,000,000. Tbe 

 sides of the fish are dried either on lines upheld by posts or upon the 

 rocks. Those prepared in the former way are sold in Spain, Italy, &c., 

 under the name stock -fish ; tbe otbers are sent to Eussia and Sweden, 

 under the name of Kllppfiscli^ The refuse was formerly thrown into 

 tbe sea or left to the sea fowls, except tbe small quantity used as fodder 



*The Dorsch, Gadua callarias, common Cod, aud Kaheljau, Gadua molva vel morrhua, 

 Ling, are both said to be taken at Lofoden. Sometimes one and sometimes the other is 

 named as the piiucipal tisU of those fisheries. [They are the same. G. B. G.] 



t Stock, rod, stick ; Klippe, rock ; so cod. Auglo Saxon gad or (joad, a rod, and the 

 Latin gaitdus has a corresponding Sanscrit root, cad or gad, a rod. See paper by J. C. 

 Brevoort, on the names of codfish. 



