332 Relations within the Species 



ganization of the group may take place with the appearance of lead- 

 ership, dominance, and /or the division of labor. It is impossible to 

 say just when an aggregation becomes sufficiently organized to be 

 termed a society— all gradations exist. The evidence is strong, how- 

 ever, that the beneficial efi^ects of increased numbers have played a 

 considerable part in the development of organized groups and fully 

 differentiated societies. 



Fig. 9.10. The various forms of the termite Kalotermes flavicollis and their de- 

 velopmental origins. The eggs (bottom) hatch into young nymphs which after 

 5 to 7 molts reach the pseudergate stage (individual in center). From this stage 

 the termite can change into a winged reproductive (top) by way of two wing- 

 padded nymphs. At intermediate stages environmental influences may cause the 

 nymphs to change into supplementary reproductives ( left ) or, by way of soldier 

 nymphs, into soldiers ( right ) . Most of the nymphs do not differentiate and these 

 function as workers. All these stages are present in the termite colony, and their 

 activities are integrated in its maintenance. (Liischer, 1953, Sci. American, draw- 

 ing by E. Mose.) 



