MATURE POPLAR COMMUNITY 



Baltimore oriole 

 Chickadee 

 Least flycatcher 

 Rosebstd grosbeak 

 Willow thrush 



Canker 

 Fomes 



_A 



ASPEN 



Dogwood 



Hazelnut 



Wintergreen 



Sarsaparilla 



Hairy and Downy 



woodpeckers 



I 



Dicera 



Saperda 



■Ruffed grouse 



t 

 -Groshawk\ 



Yellow warbler 

 Redwinged blackbird 

 Bronze grackle 



Cutworms 

 Grasshoppers 

 Click beetles 



Pocket gophers 

 Ground squirrels 



Fig. 11.7. 



X x«. ^^... Simplified representation of four communities in the parkland region 



of Manitoba, showing some of the food relations within and between communities. 



(Reprinted with permission from Hesse, Allee, and Schmidt, Ecological Animal 



Geographtj, 1951, John Wiley & Sons.) 



419 



