Prirnanj Succession 



435 



Bare 

 bottom 

 pioneer) stage 



Temporary 

 pond and prairie 



/"Beech and 

 maple forest 

 max) stage 



POND SUCCESSION 



Fig. 12.4. Schematic representation of some of the changes in animal Hfe during 

 successional stages from pond to forest in Illinois. (Buchsbaum, 1937.) 



insect members of serai communities leading to a red oak-maple climax 

 are discussed by Smith ( 1928 ) . 



Secondary Succession. When a natural area is disturbed so as to 

 destroy the community inhabiting it and to set back the course of 

 succession, the new series of communities tending again toward the 

 climax constitutes secondanj succession. This situation arises when 

 the principal species of the community have been destroyed by fire, 

 disease, tornado, flood, or by human activities such as farming or 

 lumbering. In some instances of secondary succession a community 

 is established that is essentially the same as a stage in the previous 



