Index 



525 



Conservative factors, 21 

 Consumers, 467-468 



in the sea, 476-481 

 Convergence in succession, 438-439 

 Copepods, 476-479 



fluctuations in, 456—457 



orientation to light, 214-215 



survival of, 8 



temperature tolerance, 163-164 



zonation in tidal species, 106-107 

 Corals, 58, 69, 274-275, 368 

 Corn, production of, 502 

 Corrosion in soil formation, 77 

 Cowbird, 296, 385 

 Crabs, commensal, 379 



zonation in, 103 

 Cricket, chirping rate and temperature, 



153 

 Crowding, beneficial effects, 322-328 



efFect on sex ratio, 325 



effect on tree growth, 317 



harmful efi^ects, 317-322 

 Cuckoo, 385 

 Cultch, 60 

 Current demand, 45 

 Current indicators, 50 

 Currents, in basins, 252 



in. lakes, 247 



in ocean, 42-44, 250 



in streams, 42, 45, 48, 52, 57 

 Cycle, carbon, 300 



nitrogen, 299 



sunspot, 463-464 

 Cyclic fluctuations, 457-458 

 Cyclic populations, 342 

 Cyclomorphosis, 41-42 

 Cypress trees, 254 

 Cyprids, 60 



Dace, forage ratio, 395 

 Daphnia, competition in, 397 



cyclomorphosis in, 41 



parthenogenesis in, 100 



population fluctuations, 343-344 



temperature relations,. 155—156 

 Daylength, 190 

 Decomposers, 467-468 

 Decomposition, 298-304, 467 



in marine ecosystem, 481 



in ponds, 9, 291 



in soils, 77-79 



Deer, competition for food, 320-321, 



399 

 Denitrification, 299 

 Density of media, 26 

 Density-dependent factors, 335 

 Density-independent factors, 335 

 Deposits, 482-483 

 Desert, temperatures, 134, 149 



water conditions, 114, 119-120 

 Desiccation, adaptations for resisting, 



100-103, 120 

 Detritus, 479 

 Diapause, 146-147 



need for chilling in, 170 

 Diatom ooze, 71 

 Diatoms, abundance cycles of, 474-476 



nutrient requirements, 288-289 



photosynthesis of, 239 



see aho Phytoplankton 

 Dispersal, 42-53, 427-430 

 Dispersion, 333 

 D'sphotic zone, 241 

 Distribution, in relation to nutrients, 

 294-296 



in relation to oxygen supply, 253- 

 259 



in relation to temperature, 159-175 



in relation to water factor, 121-128 

 Diurnal fluctuation, in oxygen, 245 



in relative humidity, 115 



in temperature, 115, 131, 246 

 Diurnal migrations, 217-219 

 Diurnal rhythms of activity, 217-218 

 Diving mammals, 31-32 

 Division of labor, 327-332 

 Dominance, community, 408 



social, 328 

 Dominant in communities, 410 

 Drosophila, 319, 320, 323 

 Drought, adaptations to resist, 100 



effect on geographical distribution, 

 123 

 Ducks, emigration of, 358 



mortality of, 6 

 Dystrophic lakes, 287 



Earthworms, action of, on soil, 78-79 

 Ecesis, 429-430 

 Ecological complex, 16-18, 465 

 Ecological succession, 426 



