526 



Index 



Ecology, development of, 13-18 



human, 3, 19 

 Ecosystem, 16, 465 



productivity of, 481 

 Ecotone, 410-414, 419 

 Ecotypes, 325-326 

 Eddy conduction, 247-248 

 Eel, migration of, 50-52 

 Eel grass, 70-71 

 Effective temperature range, 143 

 Efficiency of production, 497-500 

 El Nino current, 141, 458 

 Elasmobranchs, osmotic pressure of, 95 

 Elk, 329-331 

 Emigration, 357-361 

 English sparrow, photoperiodism in, 



229 

 Environment, critical nature of, 5-13 



meaning of, 3-5 

 Environmental resistance, 335 

 Epliippium, 49 

 Epilimnion, 138 

 Epiphytes, 44, 66, 374-377 

 Epizoans, 66, 374-377 

 Estuaries, 48-49, 94, 98 

 Euphotic zone, 241 

 Euryhaline organisms, 97—98 

 Eutrophic lakes, 287 

 Eutrophication, 496 

 Everglades, 406 

 Excretory systems, water retention in, 



120 

 Exploitation, 385-396 

 Extrinsic cycles, 461 



Faciation, 448 



Feeding, adaptations for, in animals, 



293-294 

 Fertilizers, 286 



use in ponds, 289-291 

 Fiddler crabs, 403 

 Field capacity. 111 

 Fire, effect on seed cones, 145 



effect on succession, 432, 444-445 

 Firs, Douglas, 462 

 Fish, commensal, 379 



farming, 290-291, 502 



mortality, 5, 9, 344, 459 



pilot, 380 



ponds, 257-258, 502-503 



population, fluctuations in, 453-456 



Fish, production, 347, 492, 499, 502 



utilization of, 346 

 Fisheries, management of, 344-348, 



453-456, 491-492 

 Fjords, 311 



circulation in, 251 

 Flounder, color changes in, 200 



thermal migration in, 150 

 Flowering, effect of photoperiod on, 



224-229 

 Flowers, polHnation of, 372 

 Fluctuations, in communities, 451—464 



in populations, 342-344 

 Fly, house, temperature relations of, 



144 

 Food, competition for, 321-322 

 Food chain, 419, 468, 494-496 

 Food preferences, 293-294, 395 

 Forage ratio, 395 



Forest, ecotone in relation to, 411-412, 

 419 



effect on radiation, 187-188 



effect on water factor, 115-116 



humidity in, 114, 460 



penetration of hght, 234-235 



soil profile in, 83, 88 



species composition, 123, 417 



stratification of, 421-423 



types in eastern North America, 174 



see also Biome, Life zones, and Suc- 

 cession 

 Forest floor, 422, 437, 472 

 Formation, plant, 447 

 FouUng, prevention of, 64-65 



succession in, 443 

 Foxes, population fluctuation, 462-463 



ear development of, 158 

 Fragmentation of rock, 77 

 Freezing, adaptations for resisting, 144- 



145 

 Frogs, temperature requirements of, 168 

 Frost, killing, 173 



see also Chilling and Solifluction 

 i Frost fine, 173 

 Frostless season, 165 

 Fungi, dry rot, 63 



luminescent, 204 



predaceous, 393 



symbiotic relations of, 364, 366-367, 

 371-372, 381 



