528 



Index 



Lakes, nutrients in, 287 



O2 supply in, 244-249 



;;H and carbon dioxide in, 264, 266 



productivity of, 502 



stratification, 138 



temperature in, 133, 139 

 Laminarian zone, 104-105 

 Law of the minimum, 281-283 

 Leaching of soils, 82-89 

 Leadership, 328-329 

 Leafless plants, 120 

 Leaves, orientation of, 209 

 Lemmings, 357-359, 457 

 Lepisma (silverfish), humidity as af- 

 fecting, 126 

 Lepomis, vision in, 203 

 Lichens, 78, 364-365, 375, 420 

 Life form, of plants, effect of environ- 

 ment, 182-183 

 Life table, 344 

 Life zones, 175-181 

 Light, angular distribution in water, 

 196-197 



biological effects of, 198-241 



changes in spectral composition in 

 water, 191-193 



distribution of, 186-198 



duration and amount, on land, 188- 

 191 



influence on activity, 202-204 



intensity in forests, 187-189 



intensity on land, 187-188 



orientation to, 208-216 



penetration in water, 191-192, 238- 

 241 



periodicities determined by, 216-230 



spectral composition on land, 186- 

 187 



ultraviolet, 230-233 

 Limiting factor, 20 

 Limpet glades, 446 

 Littoral zone, 101-107 

 Littorina zone, 104-105 

 Lobster, temperature relations of, 166- 



168 

 Lociation, 449 

 Locomotion, speed of, in air and water, 



34-35 

 Locust, migratory, 359-360 

 Locust trees, 318 



Logistic curve of population growth, 



" 339-340 

 Logs, communities in, 417 



succession on, 440 

 Long-day plants, 224 

 Longspurs, Lapland, 9 

 Luminescent organs, 204-207 

 Lunar periodicity, 219-224 

 Lynx population fluctuations, 399, 457- 

 458, 462-464 



Mackerel, 315 



development of eggs, 153 



fluctuations in, 453-454 



mortality of, 5 

 Malacosoma, 211-213 

 Mangrove, 377, 406 



succession, 440-442 

 Marl, 271 

 Mass sinking, 248 



Maximum effective temperature, 143 

 Maximum survival temperature, 143 

 Medium, abrasive action of, 53-58 



density, 27-32 



transport by, 42-53 



viscosity of, 32-42 

 Mesarch succession, 432 

 Mesophytes, 119 

 Metabolic water, 119-120 

 Mice, 201, 217, 335, 353, 395, 457 

 Microclimates, 117-119 

 Microcosm, lake as, 446 

 Microorganisms in soil, 77, 298 



see also Bacteria and Nannoplankton 

 Midge larvae, 253 

 Migration, 215, 355-357 



diurnal, 217-219 



in birds, 150-152, 228-229 



of eel, 50-52 



thermal, 148-152 

 Mimicry, 200 

 Minimum, law of, 281 

 Minimum effective temperature, 143 

 Minimum survival temperature, 143 

 Mistletoes, 386 

 Mixotrophic organisms, 279 

 Modifiable factors, 21 

 Moina, control of sex ratio by temper- 

 ature, 159 

 Moisture, action with temperature, 181- 

 184 



