530 



Index 



Oyster, salinity tolerance of, 98 



setting of, 60, 443 



temperature relations of, 164, 166- 

 168 

 Oyster crab, 378-379 



Pabnettos, 445 

 Palms, 173, 406 

 Palolo worms, 220 

 Paramecium, 398 

 Parasite-host relationships, 296 

 Parasites, 279, 467-468 



ectoparasites, 388 



endoparasites, 388 



modifications of, 390-392 

 Parasitic birds, 385-386 

 Parasitic insects, 387-389 

 Parasitism, 386-392 

 Parthenogenesis, 100 

 Pea seedling, effect of temperature, 



154 

 Peck order, 328 

 Pedalfer soils, 86-88 

 Pedocal soils, 85-86 

 Pelagic division, 30 

 Penguins, 354 

 Periodicity, diel, 216 



diurnal, 216-219 



lunar, 219-224 



seasonal, 224-230 



thermal, 131, 166 



tidal, 101 

 Permafrost, 174-175 

 pU, effect on distribution, 269-270 



effect on lime formation, 272-273 



in aquatic environment, 263-265 



in soils and muds, 269-270 



tolerances of organisms, 268-269 

 Phosphate, in lakes, 288 



in ocean waters, 288-289, 302, 306- 

 307 



in plant growth, 280-283 



in soils, 284 

 Phosphorescence, see Bioluminescence 

 Phosphorus, requirement of plants, 280 

 Photic zone, see Euphotic zone 

 Photokinesis, 202 

 Photoperiodism, in animals, 227-229 



in plants, 224-227 

 Photophores, 206 

 240 



Photosynthesis, in aquatic plants, 235- 

 240 



in land plants, 233-235 



relation to carbon dioxide, 260-262, 

 265-266 

 Phototaxis, 207-211 

 Phototropism, 207-210 

 Phytoplankton, 36-37 



effect on light extinction, 194 



in ponds, 291 



in sea, 474-476 



photosynthesis in, 237-241 

 Pigmentation, influence of light on, 



198-202 

 Pine, white, 349, 437-438 

 Pineland community, 445 

 Pioneer assemblage, 429 

 Pit vipers, temperature orientation in, 



157 

 Pitcher plant, 393 

 Plankton, 36-42 



traps, 311 



see also Nannoplankton, Phytoplank- 

 ton, Zooplanhon 

 Plant lice, see Aphids 

 Podzol, 86-87 

 Poikilotherms, 130 

 Polarization of light, 215 

 Polhnation, by insects, 372-374 



by wind, 46 

 Ponds, production in, 289-291, 493- 

 496, 502 



succession in, 432-435 

 Poplar community, 419 

 Population cycles, 457-464 

 Population density, 317-328, 334-336 

 Population ecology, 15 

 Population growth, 336-340 



in relation to standing crop, 483-485 



in United States, 340 

 Populations, development of, 333-348 



equilibrium in, 340-344 



fluctuations in, 451-464 



minimum size, 326—327 



mixed, 333 



optimal yield, 344-348 



single-species, 333 



space requirements, 348-350 

 Pore space in soils. 111 

 Potassium, in soil, 284 



requirements of plants, 282 



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