8 GEOEGE M. DAWSON ON THE 



The winter villages represented the permanent centres of the tribal subdivisions, to 

 which the people gathered diiring the cold mouths of each year. The sites of these vil- 

 lages are still easily recognized, where they have not been converted into ploughed fields 

 or removed altogether in consequence of gold mining operations. The localities have evi- 

 dently in all cases been very carefully chosen, the essentials being a warm southern 

 exposure as much sheltered as possible from wind, particularly the cold down-river wind 

 of winter ; a dry, sandy or gravelly soil, and convenient access to water. These winter 

 village sites are, moreover, found only in the lower and larger valleys, and particularly in 

 those of the Fraser and Thompson rivers and their main tributaries. Traces of single 

 houses of this kind, or scattered groups of two or three, are occasionally, though rarely, 

 found in some of the higher and smaller valleys, but nothing that might be named a vil- 

 lage. The great paucity of the remains of residences of this kind in the Okanagan country 

 would seem to indicate that the corresponding division of the Shuswaps scarcely used the 

 Keekwilee-house, but further information on this point is desirable. 



All the old village sites which were identified on the area of the Kamloops sheet of 

 the geological map (shortly to be issued) have been clearly marked on it. Outside the 

 area of this map, the following places were noted as important old village sites : — North 

 Thompson valley near mouth of Barrière River ; north side of outlet "Little Shuswap 

 Lake ; flats near the mouth of Adams River between Great and Little Shu.swap Lakes ; 

 south-west side of outlet of Adams Lake ; low promontory where the present village 

 stands near the lower end of Adams Lake. 



The actual villages of the Shuswaps, as might be anticipated, frequently coincide in 

 position with some of the old sites, but ordinary log-houses are now built. 



Temporary summer residences at hunting or fishing places, are as a rule roughly con- 

 structed of poles, which are then covered with matting or roughly wattled with branches. 

 The size and forms of these are very A'aried and quite irregular. A semi-permanent dwell- 

 ing or lodge of more definite plan is, however, still also occasionally met with. This is 

 also illustrated and described by Dr. Boas, but as a sketch made by Mr. McEvoy differs 

 slightly from his and is also more detailed, it is presented here. Where I have seen these 

 lodges they stand on the open ground without any excavation, and as they have been 

 found in occupation both in spring and autumn, they can scarcely be classed as distinct- 

 ively winter lodges, though doubtless used also at this season. In the figure, the brush 

 work surrounding the nearer end of the lodge is omitted, but it will be understood that 



Fig. 2. 

 the two semicircular ends of the lodge, sheltered by brush, constitute the sleeping places, 

 while the scaffold above serves for drying provisions or for storing these and other things 

 out of reach of the dogs. 



