298 J. G. BOUKINOT 



Cabot, or executed under his direction or superintendence, (pp. 385-377) but even this learned man coucludes by 

 saying tliat he does "not pretend to spealv decisively on the subject "—that the landfall was not Capo Breton. 

 The weight of his argument goes to show that the year of discovery must have been 1497, and not 1494, as urged by 

 M. d'Avezac in the Appendix to the same work (pp. 502-.'514) in support of the claim for the latter year, which he 

 had elaborately pressed for many years (See " Bulletin de la Société de Géographie " of Paris, Oct. 1857, Note K, pp. 

 266-278). It now appears to be the opinion of scholars generally, that the two voyages were in 1497 and 1498. The 

 French Geographer, M. Jomard, who procured the mappe monde for the imperial library at Paris, on its discovery 

 in Germany, has given a facsimile of it in his elaborate work, " Les Monuments de la Géographie," (Paris, 1854-56) 

 but it does not contain the inscriptions. Other sketches are given in Bryant and Gay's " United States " (i. 193); 

 Judge Daly's " Early History of Cartography " ( New York, 1879) ; .) ulian de la Gravière's " Les Marins du Quinzième 

 et du Sixième Siècle " (Paris, 1879), and au essay on the subject, also published in the " Revue des deux Mondes " 

 for 1876. In Dr. Justin Winsor's " Christopher Columbus," (Boston, 1891 ) there is also a sketch of the map, (p- 626). 

 See "Nar. and Crit. Hist, of Am.," (iii. 21, n.) for other references to copies of the map of which I give a sketch in 

 the text of this work. One of the best copies (coloured) is in Harrisse's Cabots. 



In an article by G. Dexter, Recording Secretary of the Mass. Hist. Soc, in the "Mem. Hist, of Boston," (i. 30, n.) 

 on "Early European Voyages in Mass. Bay," he says "the best evidence points to Cape Breton," and cites in this 

 connection J. C. Brevoort's 'Hist. Mag.,' March, 1868; F. Kidder, 'N. E. Hist, and Gen. Reg.,' Oct., 1878; H. 

 Stevens, " Sebastian Cabot— John Cabot, = O," and Mr. Deane's paper on Cabot's " Mappe Monde " in the ' Proc. of 

 the Am. Antiq. Soc.,' for April, 1867, " where the earliest suggestion of Cape Breton (drawn from the map) is made." 



Mr. Goldsmid of Edinburgh, (See infra, App. VIII 3,) in his addition of " Hakluyt," refers to a facsimile of a part 

 of the map, (facing page 23, vol xii) and adds : " As will be seen the words ' Prima Tierra Vista ' are opposite a Cape 

 about the 48th. parallel, which would be Cape Breton. In a letter written to the Duke of Milan, by Raimondo de 

 Soucino, his minister in London, and dated the 18th Doc. 1497, a very interesting account is given of Cabot's 

 voyage. Archives of Milan. Annuario scientilico, Milan, 1866, p. 700." This letter, which is cited in full by Dr. 

 Deane, in " Nar. and Crit. Hist of Am.," (iii. 54-55) "throws no light on the landfall," though it is sufficient "to 

 show [the words quoted are Dr. Deane's] that North America was discovered by John Cabot, and that the discovery 

 was made in 1497." None of the copies of the Goldsmid ed. of " Hakluyt" I have seen contain the map referred 

 to above. 



III. The Portuguese Voyages. 



The critical essay on sources of information, at end of the essay on " Cortereal, Verrazzano, Gomez, and 

 Thevet" by George Dexter, in the "Nar. and Crit. Hist, of Am." (iv. 1-32) gives the authorities on the Cortereal 

 voyages, but since that work was printed the Reverend George Patterson, DD., F. R. S. C, has written an exhaustive 

 monograph on " The Portuguese on the northeast coast of America, and the first European attempt at colonization 

 there. A lost chapter in American History" ('Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada,' viii. sec. 2, art. 4; also 'Mag. of Am. 

 Hist.' April, 1891). It is illustrated by various maps, to support his claim that the Portuguese explored not only 

 the coasts of Labrador and Newfoundland but the shores of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia and the adjacent lands. 

 Among other facts he refers (p. 150) to the Portuguese origin of the name. Baya Funda, or Deep Bay, which the 

 French attempted to change to Baie Française. He believes in the existence of a Portuguese colony at St. Peter's, 

 Cape Breton, and not at luganiche as stated by Champlain ; (see infra, App. VIII. 4) but he adduces no evidence to 

 make converts to this theory, however plausible. One can, however, fully agree with his general conclusion (p. 171) 

 that " this people occupied a foremost place in the exploration of this part of the continent, and for a long time had 

 a commanding influence along its shores. Portuguese influence in this quarter has passed away as an exhalation 

 of the night and a few names are all that remain to tell of their former presence." Dr. Patterson has long been 

 known for the ability and research he brings to archreological and historical work, and is among the Canadian 

 pioneers of this class of study. He is a resident of Pictou Co., N. S., of which district he has written a history 

 (Montreal, 1877, 8vo. pp. 471). See De Souza, "Tratado das Ilhas Novas," (1877) p. 5. See also Mr. R. G. 

 Haliburton's remarks on the same subject in ' Popular Science Monthly ' for May, 1S85, pp. 46-50. He also refers, 

 in the same article (pp. 50-51 ) to a probable Spanish settlement at Sydney. 



IV. NORUMBBGA. 



On the subject of the indefinite region known as Norumbega, the reader may consult Rev. Dr. DeCosta's 

 article and critical notes in "Nar. and Crit. Hist, of Am.," v., c. 6, pp. 168-218; also, DeKohl, " Discovery of N. 

 A.," 35, 205, 230, 231, 235, 283, 304, 353, 420, 489. Dr. DeCosta's learned paper gives much information, and many 

 authorities bearing on this interesting subject of archœological research. 



