304 J. G. BOUEINOT 



was in France from 6th July, 1536, until 23rd May, 1541. Roberval erected his fort in the summer of 1542 and 

 remained on the St. Lawrence probably until some time in J543, though De Costa ('' Nar. & Crit. Hist, of Am., iv. 

 58) believes he left France in August, 1541. It is quite clear, however, that Roberval, like Cartier, was in France 

 in 1.540, the time mentioned by several writers as the date of the construction of the supposed fort in Cape Breton. 



The narratives of the Ihree voyages of Jacques Cartier are found in the following works : 



L'Escarbot, " Histoire de la Nouvelle France " gives an account of the first voyage taken, according to tlie best 

 authorities, from a French translation of Ramusio's narrative. It bore the title : "Discours du voyage fait par le 

 capitaine Jacques Cartier aux terres neuves de Canadas, Norembergue, Hochelage, Labrador, et pays adjacens. dite 

 Nouvelle France, avec particulières meurs, laugag", et cérémonies des habitans d'icelle" (Raphael de Petit-val, 

 librarie et imprimeur du Roi, Rouen, 159S, petit Svo., 64 pp.,) L'Escarbot's reproduction is not carefully made 

 (Harrisse, 2.) It gives Cartier's commission of 1540. L'Escarbot's works have appeared in numerous editions at 

 Paris, in 16t9, 1611, 1612, 1617, 1618, and the Tross ed. of 1866 in 3 vols. 



Hakluyt gives three accounts of the voyages. The first is taken from an English translation of Ramusio by 

 John Florio: " A Short and Briefe Narration of the two Navigations and Discoveries to the Northwest Partes called 

 Newe France," (London, 15S0.) Hakluyt follows Ramusio also in the second voyage. The account of the third 

 voyage is fragmentary and supplemented by a narrative of Roberval's voyage. 



The Literary and Historical Society of Ciuebec, in 1843, published a small volume containing: " Voyages de 

 Découverte au Canada entre les Années l.'i34 et 1.542, par Jacques Cartier, le ^ieur de Roberval, Jean Alphonse de 

 Xanctoigne, etc. Suivis de la description de Québec et de ses environs en 1608, et de divers extraits relativement 

 au lieu de l'hivemement de Jacques Cartier en 1535-36, avec gravures facsimile." The accf unt of the first voyage 

 is from the Rouen translation of 1598, though L'Escarbot's want of exactness is not corrected. (D'Avezac, xv.) 

 The account of the second voyage is taken from one of throe manuscripts in the national library at Paris, its dale 

 being apparently that of the middle of the 10th century. (I notice these manuscripts in the next paragraph). The 

 account of the third voyage is the fragment in Hakluyt. 



The Paris publisher, Tioss, printed in 1863, an account of the second voyage under the following tille : " Bref 

 Récit et Succincte Narration de la navigation faite en mdxxxv et mdxxxvi par le Capitaine Jacques Cartier aux 

 Isles de Canada, Hochelaga, Sagueuay, et autres. Réimpression figurée de l'édition originale rarissime de mdxlv 

 avec les variantes des manuscripts de la Bibliothèque Impériale précédée d'une brève et succincte introduction 

 historique par M. d'Avezac." The only copy now known to be extant of the " bref récit" of 1545, here reprinted by 

 Tross, is in the Grenville Collection of the Britisli Museum. In the National Library at Paris, however, there are 

 three copies in MSS. of this original narrative (Nos. 5589, 5644, and 5653), and it is the third of these that the tiuebec 

 Literary and Historical Society reproduced (pp. 24-69) in the collection just noticed, after having comjiared it 

 with the two others, and with L'Escarbot and Ramusio. M d'Avezac's historical introduction is excellent. His 

 notes of variations in the three manuscripts are of great aid to the student. 



Another narrative was published in 1867, as an original account of the voyage of 1534, though the date is 

 given inaccurately as 1544 — a circumstance not easily explained if it is Cartier's original account: "Relation 

 originale du voyage, de Jacques Cartier au Canada en 1534 : Documents inédits sur Jacques Cartier et le 

 Canada (nouvelle série) publiés par H. Michelant et A. Ramé, accompagnés de deux portraits de Cartier, et de 

 deux vues de son manoir (Paris, Tross, 1867). 



For further facts on the bibliography of Cartier's voyages, see Harrisse (.N^otes sur la Nouvelle France, no. 5; 

 Cabots, p. 79, Bibliotbeca Americana Vetustissima, no. 267), Sabin, (Dictionary, iii. no. 11,138). D'Avezac's 

 introduction, (xv-xvii); "Nar. and Crit. Hist, of Am.," (iv. 03 et scq.) AVarburton (Conquest of Canadai has for 

 frontispiece in the first volume, an engraving of the original portrait of Cartier at St. Male. It is also reproduced 

 in Charlevoix, Historié de la Nouvelle-France. (Shea's éd., i. 110); Le Clercq's Etablissement de la Foy (Shea's 

 éd.); Faillon's Historié de Ja Colonie Française, vol i. ; Suite's Historié des Canadiens-Français, 160S-18S0 (Mont- 

 real, 1882, vol. i). Ail follow the St. Malo copy. Two other portraits are given in the ed. of the first voyage, 

 published by Tross in 1S67. 



One of tlie portraits and sketches of the manoir at Limoilou given in Jlichelatit and Ramé's work are repro- 

 duced in "Jacques Cartier: His Four ['.'] Voyages to Canada. An essay, with historical, explanatory and philo- 

 logical notes," by H. B. Stephens, B.C.L. (Montreal, 1891, sm. 4to.). This is one of four essays that won the 

 medals offered bj' Lieutenant-Governor Angers of Quebec for the best paper on " Jacques Cartier and his Time," — 

 the others being by Joseph Pope (whose monograph has been already mentioned) ; by Dr. N. E. Dionne of Que- 

 bec ; and by Totion de Longrais, Rennes, France. Mr. Stei)hens's work is not, strictly speaking, an essay, but a 

 series of translations of the voyages, with copious notes, which have some value for the uninstructed reailer. He 

 mentions the several editions of the voyages. 



