DEEP WELLS IN MANITOBA. 99 



Nos. 1-t. — These represent the coarse alluvial material deposited near the western 

 shore of Lake Winnipeg, when its waters washed the foot of the Pembina escarpment 

 during the period described by Mr. "Warren Upham as that of the McCauley ville beaches. 

 From No. 3 a considerable supply of good water was obtained. 



Nos. 5-*7. — Evidently till, consisting of harder clay with pebbles and striated boulders. 



No. 8. — Was described to me as being precisely the same as the shale outcropping on 

 the sides of the deep valley of Horse Creek, about a mile west of the town. This valley 

 cuts down through the face of the Pembina escarpment and exposes a number of sections 

 of the dark grey clay shales, with many crystals of selenite, typical of the Millwood sub- 

 division of the Pierre shales. No fossils were collected from these exposures, but in the 

 continuation of the same escarpment south of the international boundary line Mr. Warren 

 Upham ' collected Baculiles compressvs and other typical Pierre fossils. 



Nos. 9-19. — In the absence of specimens it is impossible to correlate these beds pre- 

 cisely, either with the base of the Pierre, in which the " hard streaks " would represent 

 layers of ironstone, or with the top of the Niobrara, where they would be bands of frag- 

 mentai limestone similar to that seen outcropping on the Assiniboine river, below the 

 mouth of Cypress Creek. It is not improbable that the Hue between the Pierre and 

 Niobrara should be drawn somewhere through this series, as the lower " gritty " portions 

 almost certainly belong to the latter formation. No great error, however, can be com- 

 mitted in grouping these as above. 



No. 20.— Evidently to a large extent the mottled calcareous shale of the Niobrara 

 formation. A specimen collected from 125 feet is a light grey, rather hard, mottled, cal- 

 careous clay, not splitting very readily along Hues of bedding, but breaking into small 

 polygonal masses of moderate size. Many rather large fragments of fish remains are 

 scattered through it. Under the microscope it is seen to contain many small prisms of 

 Inoceramus and a considerable number of foraminifera. 



From 135 feet was collected a soft, very light-bluish-grey, non-calcareous clay con- 

 taining fine acicular crystals of marcasite. From 180 feet the drillings consist of light- 

 grey, non-calcareous clay like the last, mixed with some moderately dark-grey, mottled, 

 calcareous clay, the latter containing a few fragments offish remains, with many smaH fora- 

 minifera. From 215 feet was obtained a light grey, calcareous, mottled clay shale, break- 

 ing evenly, though not very readily, along the lines of bedding. It contains several both 

 large and small species of foraminifera. 



Nos. 21-23.— Would appear to represent the soft, unctuous, dark grey fissile, non- 

 calcareous clay shale of the Benton formation. No specimens obtained. 



Nos. 24-27 —This is in the main a beautiful white quartz sand, through which are 

 mingled particles of clear white mica. The grains of sand are very irregular, some of 

 them being moderately sharply angular, while others are more or less rounded. 



In this sandstone are veins about 15 inches thick of incoherent running sand, one of 

 them being struck at a depth of 360 feet and another at a depth of 377 feet. 



At a depth of 324 feet water, strongly charged with chloride of sodium, was struck 

 in a bed of fine white sand, and rose 250 feet in the well within a few minutes, after 

 which it rose more slowly to within six feet of the surface. At one time, when the casing 



' Upper Beaches and Deltas of the Glacial Lake Agassiz. by Warren Upham. Bull, V. S., Geol. Survey No. 

 39. Washington 18S7, p. 79. 



