CYTOPLASMIC INCLUSIONS 153 



brunn and Daugherty, 1938). The release of lipoids was greatly in- 

 creased by a preliminary immersion in ammonium chloride solutions. 

 "Further study is necessary in order to determine whether this fat re- 

 lease is due to a direct action of the radiation on the protein-lipoid bind- 

 ing or whether it may not be due indirectly to an alkalinization of the 

 protoplasm" (Heilbrunn and Daugherty, 1938). In the same publica- 

 tion it is stated that any stimulus in which localized increases in tempera- 

 ture occur is efficient in the release of fat. This is also shown by the 

 experiments of Sassuchin (1924), who compared the protoplasm of 

 Opalina kept at room temperature with the protoplasm of those kept at 

 35-38° C. In the first group he found elongate mitochondria in the endo- 

 plasm (Kedrowsky's endosomes), but in the heated group only fat 

 spherules and protein spherules, and these results were interpreted as due 

 to the separation of mitochondria into their two components. These latter 

 experiments should be repeated in individuals with little or no fat, and 

 in species as to which there is more agreement on the identification 

 of mitochondria. 



In ParameciujH (Zweibaum, 1921) 2ind Stentor (Zhinkin, 1930) fat 

 is stored under conditions of low oxygen tension and lost when the oxy- 

 gen tension is restored. The rate of loss in this case is dependent upon 

 the temperature. 



Pathological conditions are often marked by fatty degeneration in the 

 Protozoa. Degenerating coccidial oocysts show an increase in fat globules 

 (Thelohan, 1894), and in Aulacantha fatty vesicles are formed and the 

 nucleus is finally replaced by fatty bodies (Borgert, 1909). Individuals 

 of Actinophrys which show depression by a lowered division rate and 

 otherwise, have an abnormal number of lipoid bodies, and' in extreme 

 cases show typical fatty degeneration. In the macronucleus of Payamec'mm 

 parasitism by bacteria also results in tremendous quantities of visible 

 lipoids in the cytoplasm and also of crystals (Fiveiskaja, 1929). 



Carbohydrate Reserves 



Granules containing carbohydrates are found in most Protozoa, al- 

 though in a few species this reserve is in a diffuse form which is pre- 

 cipitated as granules or irregular masses by fixation. The lack of any 

 carbohydrate reserve at all has been proved in only a few species, such as 

 Trypanosoma evans'i. 



