THE CONTRACTILE VACUOLE 437 



that the Golgi apparatus is derived from mitochondria. Until this puz- 

 zHng situation is clarified, it seems necessary to assume that in some 

 organisms neutral-red stainable granules (vacuome), osmiophilic gran- 

 ules (the Golgi apparatus), and Janus-green stainable granules (mito- 

 chondria) exist as separate and distinct entities, whereas in others the 

 Golgi apparatus may be combined with one or the other of the two 

 remaining types of granules. Hirschler (1924) found only one kind 

 of lipoid body in Gregarina and Spivostomum, and suggested that these 

 represent a primitive type of organism in which Golgi apparatus and 

 mitochondria are combined in a single type of granule. Until the identity 

 and function of the various types of granules in A. proteus have been 

 investigated further, it is difficult to arrive at any reasonable conclusion 

 concerning the relationship of the contractile vacuole to them. 



Hirschler (1927) examined a variety of organisms after fixation and 

 staining with several dyes, as well as impregnation with osmium and 

 silver. From these studies he concludes that both Golgi apparatus and 

 mitochondria are present in Bodo lacertae, Lophomonas blattarum, L. 

 striata, Trypanoplasma dendrocoeli, Entamoeba blattae, Monocystis agilis, 

 Trypanoplasma helicis, Diplocystis phryganeae, Gregarina polymorpha, 

 and Clepsidrina blattarum. In these organisms the Golgi apparatus and 

 the mitochondria were shown to have the same staining reactions as 

 corresponding structures in metazoan cells. 



Hall (1929) found osmiophilic granules which resist bleaching with 

 hydrogen peroxide in 'Peranema trichophonim; in Menoidium and Eu- 

 glena (1930b); in Chromulina sp.. Astasia sp., and Chilomonas Para- 

 mecium ( 1930c) ; and in Stylonychia ( 1931 ) . Hall and Dunihue ( 1931 ) 

 found similar granules, or globules, in Vorticella. In many of these ex- 

 periments two or more methods of osmium impregnation, as well as 

 silver impregnation, were used. In some of them the osmiophilic bodies 

 were found to be stainable with neutral red also. In some species the 

 wall of the contractile vacuole was found to be osmiophilic after pro- 

 longed osmication, but generally this was readily bleached by hydrogen 

 peroxide or turpentine. Janus green and neutral red were used as vital 

 stains for several organisms; in these the osmiophilic granules were 

 identified as the neutral-red stainable material, whereas smaller granules 

 were stained with Janus green, 



Faure-Fremiet (1925) observed in several species of Vorticella es- 



