924 PROTOZOA AND OTHER ANIMALS 



are almost completely lacking in lower termites. In lower termites there 

 have been recognized, in examinations of less than a third of the known 

 species, 30 genera with 133 species of polymastigotes, and 18 genera 

 with 63 species of hypermastigotes; and certainly thorough study will 

 reveal many more genera and species even in that third. In Cryptocercus 

 punctulatus alone, Cleveland et al. (1934) found 9 genera of hyper- 

 mastigotes with 20 species (only one genus and no species of which 

 occur in termites) ; and 5 polymastigotes in 3 genera, including Hexamita 

 and Monocercomonoides . 



Every termite species in the lower families, so far as has been learned, 

 has a flagellate faunule; individual termites lack the Protozoa only in 

 certain phases of the life history, as when they are very young, imme- 

 diately preceding and following a molt, and in certain functional repro- 

 ductive stages. For the most part, any termite of a species, wherever 

 obtained, will be found to have the same group of flagellate species. 

 Sometimes one or more flagellates are absent, but uniformity in com- 

 position of the faunules is the rule. This fact is an aid in termite sys- 

 tematics. Identical faunules do occur in diff^erent termite species of cer- 

 tain groups; the fact that the faunules are identical does not necessarily 

 indicate that the hosts belong to the same species. There are often more 

 or less well-marked difi^erences, and this is a strong indication for specific 

 difl^erentiation of the hosts. The flagellates often provide a ready means 

 of distinguishing nymphs in regions where both the termites and their 

 faunules are known. 



Individual faunules of flagellates in termites may comprise from two 

 to ten or, occasionally, more species. Often a genus is represented in a 

 host by more than one species. In Zootermopsh angusticollh and Z. 

 nevadensis there are three species of Trichonytnpha (Kirby, 1932b). 

 Nine of sixty-seven hosts of Devescovina contain two species. The genus 

 Foaina is represented by two species in thirty-four, and by three species 

 in three of eighty-three hosts. In Cryptocercus punctulatus Cleveland 

 et al. (1934)difl^erentiated seven species of Trichonympha, four of Bar- 

 hulanympha, three of Le ptospironym pha, and three of Saccinobaculus. 

 Koidzumi (1921) distinguished six species of Dinenympha in Reticu- 

 litermes speratus. 



The degree of host-specificity varies in difl^erent genera and species. 

 Many species are known from one host only, but as more flagellate 



