PROTOZOA AND OTHER ANIMALS 927 



the evolutionist, and it appears to have affinities in common with the 

 Devescovininae (Kirby, 1939). It is restricted, except for one enigmatic 

 form that may not belong in the group, to the genus Kalotermes sensu 

 lato. 



Amoebae rarely occur in lower termites, but among the Termitidae 

 they are not infrequent. Small amoebae were present in almost all species 

 of Amitertnes from the United States, Africa, and Madagascar that 

 were examined by the writer; and many larger amoebae, some with un- 

 usual nuclear characteristics, were found consistently in Central Ameri- 

 can and African species of Miroternies and in African termites of the 

 Ciibitermes group (Kirby, 1927; Henderson, MS). It is likely that fur- 

 ther study of these amoebae will yield results significant for problems 

 of host-specificity. 



Figure 195. One-day-old nymph of Kalotermes flai'icolUs, receiving proctodaeal food 

 from the female termite, showing the manner in which infection with flagellates takes 

 place. (After Goetsch, 1936.) 



Transmission of the flagellates of termites takes place in the active 

 state (see Andrews, 1930). There is no evidence for true encystation, 

 though observations by Trager (1934) and Duboscq and Grasse (1934) 

 indicate a possibility of this in some small polymastigotes. Flagellates 

 of most species disappear prior to each molt except the last. Infection, 

 then, must take place not only at the beginning, but following each molt 

 in the growth period. Refaunation takes place when termites, either nat- 

 urally or experimentally defaunated, are left in contact with normally 

 faunated individuals. Experimentally, termites can be infected by placing 

 flagellate-containing material on the mouth parts. Under natural condi- 

 tions, except for cannibalism, flagellate-containing material can or- 

 dinarily be obtained only directly from the anal opening of another 

 termite, as the Protozoa do not survive long after deposition. Proctodaeal 

 feeding is a common habit among termites. Goetsch (1936) has de- 



