PARASITES OF PROTOZOA 1015 



Rods adhere also to certain hypermastigote flagellates. They were 

 noted by Kirby (1926a) on Staurojoewna asshniUs, but were wrongly 

 regarded as pellicular striations; and Cleveland et al. (1934) found 

 them on Barbulanympha, Rhynchonympha, and Urinympha of Crypto- 

 cercus punctulatus. Cleveland considered them to be cuticular striations, 

 but noted their resemblance to the adherent bacteria described by 

 Duboscq and Grasse (1926, 1927). Grasse (1938) identified them as 

 bacteria. 



Spirochetes and Rods Adherent by One End. — Spirochetes occur 

 in great abundance in termites, mostly free in the lumen or attached 

 to the lining of the hind-gut, but also adherent by one extremity to 

 certain flagellates. It is not known whether this phoresy is obligatory 

 or occasional from the standpoint of the spirochete, but the former 

 condition is probable, at least in many instances. The presence of ad- 

 herent spirochetes is especially characteristic of certain Pyrsonymphinae, 

 Oxymonadinae, Devescovininae, and Calonymphidae among polymas- 

 tigotes. Spirochetes are less frequent on hypermastigotes, but do occur 

 on some genera [Holomastigotoides, Koidzumi, 1921; Spirolricho- 

 nympha, Sutherland, 1933; Dogiel, 1922a; S pirotrichonymphella, Suther- 

 land, 1933; Rostronynipha, Duboscq, Grasse, and Rose, 1937). Cleve- 

 land et al. (1934) did not report them on either polymastigotes or hyper- 

 mastigotes of Cryptocercus. 



On many of these flagellates, spirochetes are invariably present, 

 either distributed widely on the surface or localized on very definite 

 areas of the body. Localization is illustrated by the distribution of 

 spirochetes on Voa'ina nucleofiexa and Oxymonas grandis. On the former 

 flagellate, spirochetes are always present on the anterior and posterior 

 parts of the body; many of those on the anterior part are arranged in 

 a row along the surface just over the parabasal filament (Fig. 210C). 

 Grasse (1938) noted in another species of Foaina (mistakenly named 

 by him Parajoenia decipiens) that an anterior tuft of spirochetes obeyed 

 a fixed rule in its distribution. Localization is even more marked in 

 Oxymonas grandis, which bears a dense group of spirochetes on an 

 elongated, limited area at the base of the rostellum (Fig. 210A, B). 

 The rest of the body surface of this flagellate is covered with minute 

 epibiotic bacilli (Fig. 210A). 



Many observers have mistaken spirochetes for flagella or cilia in a 



