1046 PARASITES OF PROTOZOA 



Winogradowa (1936) reported Sphaerita, as well as larger, distributed, 

 probably bacterial, parasites in Entod'inium (Fig. 217B). 



Discussing ]oenia annectens and Mesojoenia decip'iens, Grassi and 

 Foa (1911) mentioned an enormous enlargement of the nucleus by the 

 presence of a parasite, and reported also a parasite in the cytoplasm. 

 This probably is the first record of Nucleophaga in a flagellate. Its pres- 

 ence in ]oenia intermedia and Myxomonas polymorpha (== Giganto- 

 t72onas herculea), noted by Dogiel (1917, 1916), has been mentioned 

 above. In Hexamastix terniitis, Kirby (1930) showed some parasitized 

 nuclei, as Duboscq and Grasse (1933, p. 392) pointed out, but failed 

 to interpret them correctly. The large nuclei with numerous small, uni- 

 form-sized granules contained Nucleophaga, and the parasite has been 

 found, on reexamination of the material. The parasite has been observed 

 by the writer in many Devescovininae, but not in the smaller species 

 of Foaina. There seems to be a lower limit in the size of nuclei in which 

 it can develop. Nuclear parasites of Trichonympha are considered below 

 (p. 1059). Pseudospora voltwcis, a parasite of Volvox with apparent 

 affinities to the Bistadiidae, has been found infected with intranuclear 

 chytrids by Roskin (1927) and by Robertson (1905), the latter of 

 whom misinterpreted the parasite as representing gamete formation by 

 Pseudospora. 



Nucleophaga has been found in many endozoic Amoebidae, and 

 several species have been named. Lavier (1935b) reviewed most of the 

 accounts, with the exception of those of Kirby (1927, 1932b) and 

 Sassuchin (1931). The earliest observations were made in Endamoeba 

 hlattae (Mercier, 1907, 1910; Janicki, 1909). Tyzzer (1920) found a 

 nuclear parasite in Pygolitnax gregariniformis of chickens and turkeys. 

 Two amoebae of man are known to be parasitized : Endolimax nana and 

 lodamoeha hiltschlii, in which Nucleophaga was first recorded by Noller 

 (1921). Epstein (1922) named Nucleophaga hypertrophica a nuclear 

 parasite of Endolimax nana; in 1935 he stated that he had studied then 

 (1922) a nuclear infection of both E. nana and /. hJHschlii. Brug (1926) 

 independently named a nuclear parasite of the latter amoeba N. intesti- 

 nalis; according to Brumpt and Lavier ( 1935a) , that parasite is the same 

 as the one (Fig. 218F-J) which they also studied in E. nana, and Brug's 

 name is a synonym for N. hypertrophica. Kirby (1927) described an 

 unnamed Nucleophaga (Fig. 218A-E) in Endamoeba disparata of Miro- 



