PARASITES OF PROTOZOA 1079 



Protozoa than the pubHshed accounts indicate. Duboscq and Grasse 

 (1927) showed certain parasites in "Devescoi'ina" hilli which they 

 considered to be possibly Microsporidia. The organism found by Kirby 

 (1932a) in Trichonynijjha magna gives certain indications of micro- 

 sporidian affinities (Fig. 219H, I). An organism with resemblances 

 to Nosenia, though enigmatic in relationship, has been observed by the 

 writer in Gigantomonas herculea from the termite Hodotermes mos- 

 samhkus. All the above-mentioned Microsporidia are hyperparasites, 

 but there is probably at least one recorded instance of their occurrence 

 in a free-living ciliate. A number of authors have reported "nemato- 

 cysts" in the large vorticellid Epistylis (Campanella) umbellar/a; these 

 were discovered by Claparede and Lachmann (1858) . They are arranged 

 in pairs in the ciliate, but are not always present. Faure-Fremiet (1913), 

 although having often observed Campanella, found "nematocysts" only 

 once. Chatton (1914) suggested that the structures belonged not to the 

 vorticellid but to a cnidosporidian parasite, and in a recent note Kriiger 

 (1933) supported this view. Kriiger observed in the cytoplasm of the 

 ciliate granules that he thought might be nuclei of developmental stages 

 of the parasite. 



From the standpoint of host-specificity, the Metchnikovellidae are of 

 particular interest, for all members of this family, and there are many, 

 occur in gregarines. The first metchnikovellid was seen by Claparede, 

 but he failed to interpret it correctly, mistaking the cysts for spores of 

 the gregarine (Caullery and Mesnil, 1919, p. 232.) This group of 

 Haplosporidia has been studied chiefly by Caullery and Mesnil (1897, 

 1914, 1919), but contributions have been made also by Awerinzew 

 (1908), Dogiel (1922b), and Schereschewsky (1924). An account of 

 the life cycles of two species of Amphtacantha has been prepared by 

 Stubblefield (MS). MacKinnon and Ray (1931) reported some ob- 

 servations on species of Metchnikovella from two species of Polyrhab- 

 dina at Plymouth; and Ganapati and Aiyar (1937) noted the occurrence 

 of Metchnikovella in Lecudina brasili from a species of Lumbrinereis 

 at Adyar. In the absence of any description or figure, it is not certain 

 that this is not a species of Amphiacantha, as found in related gregarines 

 in Lumbriconereh elsewhere. 



Stubblefield (MS) listed twenty species, including the two new spe- 

 cies of Amphiacantha recognized by him, in four genera. The largest 



