XX ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
“6. Under normal conditions, and when both surface-current and 
under-current in the two directions are taken into account, the difference 
on the average is in favour of a greater inward flow from the east. 
#7. The actual flow throughout the year, when the influence of the 
wind is included, appears also on the whole to be greater in the inward 
direction from the east than outward from the west. 
‘Cabot Strait, or the southeastern entrance to the Gulf of St. Lawrence 
between Cape Breton and Newfoundland. 
“This entrance to the gulf forms a portion of the deep channel or 
gully which runs in from the Atlantic between the St. Pierre Bank, on 
the Newfoundland side, and Banquereau and Misaine Bank, on the Nova 
Scotia side, and thence traverses the entire width of the gulf, passes 
between Gaspé and Anticosti and into the mouth of the Lower St. Law- 
rence. This channel, from the Atlantic inwards, has a width of 40 miles 
between the banks on each side, and a continuous depth of over 200 
fathoms. In passing through Cabot Strait it is not contracted in width 
or diminished in depth, except by the occurrence of St. Paul Island, 
which lies near the western side of the deep water. This island rises 
abruptly from the bottom, and if left dry would probably present the 
appearance of one of the ‘Sugar-loaf’ mountains of the adjacent coast. 
Allowing for the encroachment of this island on the western side of the 
channel, there is still left between it and Cape Ray a width of 32 miles 
in which the depth exceeds 200 fathoms, and for the greater part of this 
width it averages 250 fathoms. 
“ Temperatures. 
“The water was found to be a little warmer between Cape North 
and St. Paul Island than across the main opening of the strait between 
that island and Cape Ray. The surface temperature there ranged from 
55° to 60°, and from the surface the temperature fell gradually with the 
depth till it reached 32° at about 50 fathoms. At greater depths, from 
100 to 200 fathoms, the temperature was again higher and averaged 
about 40°. This result appeared so anomalous that the matter was 
carefully investigated, and every precaution taken to insure accuracy. 
“The temperatures, so long as they fell regularly with the depth, 
were taken with registering thermometers of the Miller-Casella pattern. 
But where there are layers of unequal temperature, such a thermometer 
will only register the temperature of the coldest layer, irrespective of its 
depth. For this reason, the temperatures below 50 fathoms were taken 
with Negretti and Zambra’s deep-sea reversing thermometer, which gives 
the actual temperature at the depth to which it is lowered. This ther- 
mometer has to be used with some care, as in very rough weather the 
