112 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
three adult skulls have already been taken from this midden with circular 
perforations in their crowns evidently made by these horn tomahawks, 
and as clean cut as if the piece had been taken out with a mechanic’s 
punch. Another and significant point about the recovered crania of this 
midden is that they represent two distinct types: one decidedly brachy- 
cephalic, the other no less decidedly dolichocephalic. The former do not 
differ greatly from the crania of the Indians living round the estuary at 
the present time, and their presence in this midden may be due to intru- 
sive burials; but the latter are wholly unlike the crania to be found 
among the Cowitchin tribes to-day ; nor have I seen any so markedly 
dolichocephalic among the collected crania of the province accessible te 
me, They are too decidedly dolichocephalic to be classified among any 
of the typical groups of this region as given by Dr. Franz Boas, and 
suggest affinity rather with the Eskimo or eastern stocks, or with the 
southern dolichocephali than with any in this region north of California. 
The cephalic index of one in the possession of the Art and Scientific Asso- 
ciation of New Westminster, B.C., is 73°85, and that of one in the writer’s 
possession is practically the same, being 73:84; while the orbital indices 
of these two are 93°33 and 91-66 respectively. Both these crania are 
undeformed and normal and those of adults. A brief glance at the tables 
of the physical characteristics of the Indians of the Northwest Coast com- 
piled by Dr. Franz Boas, and particularly those of the Lower Fraser River 
Indians will clearly show that these dolichocephali of the middens form 
a distinct type of their own and find no place among any of the eleven 
groups there distinguished by him.’ 
Other striking features of these midden crania which differentiate 
them further from the Lower Fraser group are the extreme narrowness 
of the forehead and the lofty sweep of the cranial vault. This is particu- 
larly seen in the height of the transverse arc, which as measured in the one 
in my possession, and which is not an extreme type, from one auditory 
foramen to the other across the sagittal suture is exactly thirteen inches, 
and the length of a line joining the glabella and the occipital foramen 
is 14:40 inches. These dolichocephalic crania are the osteological evidence 
I hinted at just now which seemed to support the hypothesis that the 
middens of this region were formed by a pre-Salishan people. Whether 
this is so or not, this much, at any rate, seems certain, that a people of 
marked dolichocephaly once lived somewhere in this region, for their 
crania have been found at one or two other points on the Fraser between 
Port Hammond and the estuary. 
So far no copper or other metal instruments of any kind have been 
found in these middens; all the relics recovered being either of bone, 
horn, ivory or stone. Of these by far the most numerous are bone; very 

1 Vide Seventh Report on the Northwestern Tribes of Can. of the British Asso- 
ciation, 1891. 
