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accusative, and genitive. 
ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
The nominative and accusative are the subject 
and object of the sentence, and the genitive denotes possession. The 
nominative or subjective case, is used when the noun or pronoun refers 
to the source or author of an act, as: Sha stata delgügung, it rains from 
heaven. Sha is the nominative and denotes the source from which the 
rain comes. 
John adshi aulthkaaungwé tlaoutlaiang, John made this chair ; John 
Tané saats yüangung, the bear is very wild; Tané is 
the nominative in the sentence. 
The accusative or objective case marks the object of a verb distinctly, 
is the nominative. 
as: 
Tlaou stlik’u tigun, 
Käsotouho il kwolthtagun, 
I killed the land otter. 
He stole the lamp. 
Wou kôgina di ou di gaistagun, My mother gave me that book. 
We thus see that stlik’u (land otter), kdsotouho (lamp), and 
kogina (book) are the objects referred to distinctly by the verbs, and 
are in the accusative case. 
Gié is used to denote the genitive of possession, as: ‘“ God is the 
owner of the book,’ “ Lucy is the owner of the hat,” “The nest belongs 
to the raven :” 
Shalana gié kégina, 
Lucy gié tatjinge, 
Yétith gie Ithtelge, 
In pronouns we have three cases, as : 
God’s book. 
Lucy’s hat. 
Raven's nest. 
Laha, He. Ltha, They. 
Laou, Him. Lthagiou, Theirs. 
Lagiou, His. Watalbas, Them. 
The adjectives and participles, as in English, have no case endings. 
C. 
(FENDER. 
Gender is the distinction of nouns with regard to sex. The adjectives, 
participles, and verbs do not denote gender. Gender is expressed : 
1. By prefixes, as: 
Lth hahudila, Children. Lth chaada hudila, Girls. 
Lth hahudila, Children. Itlansida hudila, Boys. 
Haldunga, Slave. Lth chada haldunga, A female slave. 
Ga Ithaangwilas ge,  Workers. Lth chaada Ithaangwilasge, Workwomen. 
Ga daungas gé, 
The wicked. 
Itlansida däungas, Wicked men. 
Itan innas, Young people. Nung chada itan innas. A young woman. 
2. By suffixes. 
Tan, Bear. Tan chada, A female bear. 
Tan, Bear. Tan itlinga, A male bear. 
Skou, Poultry. Skou chada, Hen, 
Kitzadalung, Servants. Kitzadalung chaadasi, Female servants. 
Ettit, Bird. Ettit itlinga, The male bird. 
Lthkittun, Goose. Lthkittun itlinga, A gander. 
