[MILLS] PSYCHIC DEVELOPMENT OF YOUNG ANIMALS 251 
The brilliant and suggestive observations and experiments of Mr. 
Douglas Spalding had fallen under my eye, and the criticism of his work 
by so good an observer as Professor Preyer determined me to make some 
special independent observations. 
I had the impression that Spalding’s statements (*‘ Macmillan’s Maga- 
zine,” February, 1873, referred to also in Romanes “ Mental Evolution”) 
were somewhat overdone. 
My own observations confirm that suspicion, and justify Preyers 
criticisms (“The Mind of the Child”), so that I am of opinion that 
Spalding’s statements require revision, though reliable in the main. 
Different chicks behave in a way sufficiently unlike to warrant dif- 
ferences of opinion in detail, and one should be on his guard against 
statements of a too sweeping character. My own observations, etc., on 
the chick agree pretty well with those of Professor Lloyd Morgan on 
young pheasants (‘‘ Nature,” vol. 50, p. 575). 
It will be seen trom my records that even in the same clutch of 
chickens there are marked individual differences. Thus one may strike a 
crumb accurately every time it pecks, and pick it up on the first attempt ; 
another misses or shows great difficulty in getting it into the mouth. 
But few remarks are called for in the diary in view of what has 
already been published on the chick by others. 
I call special attention to the failure of the chicks to be frightened 
at any time within my records (fourteen days) by the pigeons placed 
amongst them in a way that one would have supposed might have called 
forth any instinctive dread of a rather large flying bird. 
My own impression is that chicks do not in all cases show fear when 
the shadow of a bird, as a hawk, passes over them. In other words, 
instinct is not the hard and fast thing it is sometimes supposed to be. 
The sense of support, not referred to by other observers, is well 
marked. 
The chick is very sensitive to cold, though I think less so than the 
pigeon, except in, perhaps, the case of the most delicate varieties, as 
pure-bred bantams. 
SOME CONCLUSIONS ON THE CuIck. THE CHICK AND THE PIGEON, ETC., 
COMPARED. 
The chick when it emerges from the shell or very soon afterwards, 
certainly within a few hours can see, hear, taste, pick up and swallow 
food, drink, run about, ete. 
Its progress is so rapid that in a few days it can lead an independent 
existence, provided it be protected against cold, wet, etc. 
The chick stands to the pigeon in physical and psychic development 
in somewhat the same relation as the rabbit to the cavy or guinea-pig. 
