Fishes of the Western North Atlantic 157 



of mandible, 1.3— 1.5 in head. Mandible 1.4— 1.6 in head. Cheek as long as snout 

 and eye in large ones, proportionately shorter in small ones, its posterior angle about 

 35°. Gill rakers at angle fully as long as eye in large specimens, shorter in young. 



Dorsal fin originating equidistant between caudal base and anterior half of eye, 

 its longest rays often reaching beyond tip of last ray if deflexed. Anal originating about 

 under middle of dorsal base, its base 3.0—3.5 in SL. Pelvic small, reaching only a little 

 more than halfway to origin of anal, inserted about equidistant between base of pectoral 

 and origin of anal. Pectoral fin reaching to or slightly beyond base of pelvic in small 

 specimens, often not quite to pelvic in large examples, 1.7— 1.9 in head. Axillary 

 SCALE of pectoral broad, about half as long as fin, 3.0—3.9 in head. 



Color. In alcohol, pale; side of head and lower 75 "/o of body silvery. Young with 

 a silvery lateral band, becoming diffuse in specimens about 100 mm long and disap- 

 pearing entirely with age. Middle of back with dark streak (missing in some, probably 

 due to fading). Fins unmarked. 



Size. The largest specimen examined is 1 70 mm TL, but 300 mm has been re- 

 ported (7: 413). 



Relation to Man. Its commercial importance is not significant. It occurs oc- 

 casionally in the Colon market (Panama) and, according to report, in the Havana 

 market (Cuba). 



Range. Its range extends from the West Indies to Panama and at least as far 

 southward as Pernambuco (Recife), Brazil, probably to Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. 

 All specimens studied were apparently taken in salt or brackish water, with one 

 exception; one specimen (CAS 9398) from Lake Rogagua, Bolivia, seems to be this 

 species. 



Synonyms and References: 



EngrauHs clupeoides Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fish. Amphib. Rept., 2, 1839: 388 (orig. descr.; type local. Pernam- 

 buco, Brazil). 



Engraulis proJuctus Poey, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, I, 1866: 380 (orig. descr.; type local. Matanzas, Cuba; 

 type MCZ 17961); Poey, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, 2, 1868: 423 (Havana, Cuba); Giinther, Cat. Fish. 

 Brit. Mus., 7, 1868: 388 (descr., Cuba and Jamaica); Tortonese, Bull. Mus. Zool. Anat. comp. Torino, 

 {3)47, 1929: 6 (diagn., Puerto Cabello, Venezuela). 



Engrau/is surinamensis Steindachner (not of Bleaker), Ichthyol. Beitr., <?, 1879: 55 (descr., Bahia, Brazil). 



Stolephorus clupeoides Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. nat. Mus., 47 (i), 1896: 44.7 (descr., range, S. surina- 

 mensis probably incorrectly put in synon.; see Cetengraulis edentulus, p. 245); Eigenmann, Rep. Princeton 

 Exped. Patagonia, 1896-1899, J (4), 1910; 45 (Surinam to Rio Grande do Sul; S. surinamensis Bleaker 

 apparently incorrectly put in synon.). 



Stolephorus productus ]oTA!Lr\ and Evermann, Bull. U. S. nat. Mus., 47 (i), 1896: 447 (descr., Cuba and Jamaica); 

 Jordan and Rutter, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 1897: 96 (descr., Jamaica); Evermann and Marsh, 

 Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 20 (i), 1900: 90 (descr., Palo Seco, and Ponce, Puerto Rico); Nichols, Bull. 

 Amer. Mus. nat. Hist., jr, 1912: 182 ("Havana market"). 



Anchovia clupeoides Fowler, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 6j, 191 1:211 (Santo Domingo and Rio Seco, Puerto 

 Rico; E.productus Poey put in synon.); Starks, Stanf. Univ. Publ. Biol., 191 3: 9 (notes, Lake Papary, 

 Natal, Brazil); Jordan and Scale, Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv., 6y, 1926: 412 (descr., range, synon., 

 partly incorrect); Jordan, Evermann, and Clark, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. (1928), 2, 1930: 50 (range, 

 synon., partly incorrect); Fowler, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 83, 1931 : 393 (diagn., Quaima R., Tri- 

 nidad); Howell-Rivero, Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv.,<?2, 1938: 172 (synon.; the larger of two specimens 



