292 Memoir Sears Foundation for Marine Research 



It has been known since Fabricius' day (j^) that there were Atlantic Herring in 

 western Greenland waters, In small numbers. They are now known to be widespread 

 along the southwestern and western coasts, northward at least to 7 2° 30' N, though not in 

 any great numbers if judged by the standards of northern Europe or the American 

 coast. Their eggs have also been found in the Julianehaab district. The spawning 

 extends through August and into September, and the presence of young fry is proof 

 of successful local reproduction. In 1932 Hansen reported the presence of schools on 

 the eastern coast in the neighborhood of Cape Walloe and Grittenfeldts Island (5J: 42); 

 he also reported the capture of a specimen near Angmagssalik. The evidence, in short, 

 is strong that this species has expanded its range in Greenland waters during the past 

 30 years or so, as have other boreal sub-Arctic fishes (for details as to their occurrence 

 in Greenland waters, see Jensen, 6y. 61-64). 



Synonyms and References:^* 



Clupea harengus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758: 317 (diagn.); Cuvier and V'alenciennes, 20, 1847: 30, 

 pi. 591 (descr., anat., life hist., distr., etc., includ. review of lit.); Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 7, 

 1868: 415 (refs., descr., Europe and N. Amer.); Jordan and Gilbert, Bull. U. S. nat. Mus., 16, 1882: 

 265 (descr.); Goode, et al.. Fish. Fish. Industr. U. S., i (3), 1884: 549-568, pi. 204 (abund., import., 

 distr., migr., reprod., food, capture, uses); Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. nat. Mus., 47(1), 1896: 

 421; 47(4), 1900: fig. 18 (descr., synon.); Smith, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. (1897), J7, 1898: 91, 

 (spawn., growth rate. Woods Hole, Massachusetts); Linton, Bull. U. S. Fish Coram. (1899), ig, 

 1901: 437 (food, parasites); Bean, 7th Rep. Forest Comm. N. Y. (1901), 1902: 298, with fig. (econ. 

 import., spawn., range); Bean, Bull. N. Y. St. Mus., 60, Zool. 9, 1903: 192 (synon., refs., descr., 

 import., abund., spawn., distr.); Fowler, Rep. N. J. St. Mus. (1905), 1906: 93, fig. (diagn.. New 

 Jersey) ; Smith, N. C. geol. econ. Surv., 2, 1 907 : 1 20 (descr., range) ; Ehrenbaum, Eier und Larven Fisch., 

 Nord. Plankt., 2, 1909: 361 (develop, of eggs and larvae); Sumner, Osburn, and Cole, Bull. U. S. 

 Bur. Fish. (191 1), JJ, 1913: 741 (refs., season, abund., spawn., food, parasites. Woods Hole, Massa- 

 chusetts); Cox, Contr. Canad. Biol. (1914-16), 1916: 81 (disease, Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1914); Meek, 

 Migrations of Fish, 1916: 67-88 (genl. acct.); Regan, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (8) ig, 191 7: 227 (diagn. 

 in key); Lebour, J. Mar. biol. Ass. U. K., N. S. 12 (3), 1921 : 459 (food of young clupeoids); Bigelow 

 and Welsh, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. (1924), 40, 1925: 92, fig. 40 (descr., range, breed, habits, growth, 

 size, season, movements, food, enemies, destruct. by natural causes, annu. fluct.. Gulf of Maine); Jordan, 

 Fishes, 1925: 275 (distr., abund.) ; Hildebrand and Schroeder, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. (1927), 42, 1928: 

 81 (refs., descr., spawn., import., rare in Chesapeake Bay); Breder, Field Bk. Mar. Fish. Atl. Cst., 

 1929: 64, fig. (range, import., habits, size); Jordan, Manual Vert. Anim. NE U.S., 1929: 39 (diagn., 

 range); Jordan, Evermann, and Clark, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. (1928), 2, 1930: 41 (range, synon.); 

 Perlmutter, 28th Rep. N. Y. Conserv. Dept., Suppl., 15(2), 1939: 17 (spawn., eggs, young caught. 

 Long Island, New York); Greeley, 28th Rep. N. Y. Conserv. Dept., Suppl, I 5 (2), 1939: 82 (Long 

 Island, New York); Bigelow and Schroeder, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., ^5, 1940: 327 (range extension; 

 catch on Georges Bank; distr. of young); Warfell and Merriman, Bull. Bingham oceanogr. Coll., 9 (2), 

 1944: 51 (near New Haven, Connecticut; sizes and spawn.); Anonymous, Fish. Resources U. S., 

 Senate Doc. No. 51, 1945: 61-62, with figs, (commerc. import., range, life hist., fluct.); Bigelow and 

 Schroeder, Fish. Bull. (74) U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., 5J, 1953: 88-100 (descr., life hist.. Gulf of Maine). 



24. Numerous accounts pertaining wholly or in part to this Herring have been written, for it has been a principal 

 subject of extensive study for centuries. A complete bibliography would occupy many pages. Therefore, the refer- 

 ences given herein are limited to the papers actually quoted (directly or indirectly), to taxonomic works of a general 

 nature, or to faunal lists of the American coast. Many of these also contain bibliographies. Furthermore, references 

 are given to publications containing descriptions of the species itself and of several "species" now considered synony- 

 mous with Clupea harengus. For additional references bearing especiaUy on the biology of this species, see 

 Scattergood (114). 



