Fishes of the Western North Atlantic 341 



it was only sparingly represented among many specimens of P. aestivalis collected over 

 a period of years in the Newport River and its estuary near Beaufort, N. C. Possibly 

 this species does not occur south of North Carolina. 



This species, as stated above under Artificial Cultivation^ apparently was uninten- 

 tionally introduced into Lake Ontario, whence it has spread to Lake Erie and to Lake 

 Huron. It also inhabits Lakes Seneca and Cayuga, which it probably reached by natural 

 means from the ocean (^5: 116), and the Oswego River system in New York State 

 (46: 95). It has remained common in Lake Ontario, has become common in Lake 

 Erie, and has penetrated Lake Huron, where it is still rare {62: 27). 



Synonyms and References: 



Clupea pseudoharengus Wilson, in Rees' New Cyclopedia (Art. C/upea), g, undated, ca. 1811: no pages (orig. 

 descr.; no local.; probably Philadelphia, Pennsylvania); Smith, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. (1890), 10, 1892: 

 187, pi. 29 (unintent. introd. in Lake Ontario, abund. there, diseases, mortal., uses). 



Clupea vernalis Mitchill, Trans. Lit. philos. Soc. N. Y., I, 1815: 454 (orig. descr.; type local. New York; 

 effects of mill dams on migr. to spawn); Jordan and Gilbert, Bull. U. S. nat. Mus., 16, 1882: 267 (descr., 

 range, synon.); McDonald in Goode, et al.. Fish. Fish. Industr. U. S., i, 1884: 579-588, pis. 207, 

 208 (hist, of nomencl., abund., geogr. distr., migr., food, reprod., size, uses); Bean in Goode, et al.. Fish. 

 Fish. Industr. U. S., i, 1884: 588-593 (Lakes Cayuga, Seneca, and Ontario, origin in lakes, movements, 

 enemies, fatal, capture); Ryder, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. (1885), 1887: 506, pi. i, fig. 8 (descr. of egg 

 and newly hatched young); Goode, Amer. Fishes, 1888: 393 (discus, with P. aestivalis, names, abund., 

 spawn.). 



Clupea megalops Rafinesque, Amer. Mon. Mag. (1817-1818), 2(3), 1818: 206 (orig. descr.; type local. 

 Delaware R.). 



Meletta venosa Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 20, 1847: 374 (orig. descr.; type local. New York); 

 Bertin, Bull. Soc. zool. Fr., 66, 1941 : 23 (ident. of types). 



Pomolobus pseudoharengus Gill, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. (1871-72), 1873: 811 (names, range); Uhler and 

 Lugger, Rep. Comm. Fish. Md., ed. I, 1876; 158; ed. 2, 1876: 135 (descr., synon., habits, Maryland; 

 pseudoharengus and aestivalis not distingu.); Jordan and Evermann, BuU. U. S. nat. Mus., 47 (i), 1896: 

 426; 4-7(4), 1900: fig. 189 (descr., range, habits, synon.); Smith, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. (1897), ij, 

 1898: 91 (Woods Hole, Massachusetts); Bean, T. H., 7th Rep. Forest Comm. N. Y. (1901), 1902: 

 302, with fig. (synon., names, occur, in lakes, migr., size, methods of capture); Bean, T. H., BuU. N. Y. 

 St. Mus., 60, Zool. 9, 1903 : 199 (synon., descr., names, range, migr., size, growth of young, econ. value, 

 methods of capture); Fowler, Rep. N. J. St. Mus., 2, 1905 : 95 (figs, of male and female, descr., migr., 

 synon.); Smith, N. C. geol. econ. Surv., 2, 1907: 122, fig. 44, pi. 3 in color (synon., descr., range, migr., 

 reprod., commerc. import.. North Carolina, methods of capture) ; Kendall, Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. nat. Hist., 

 7, 1908: 38 (refs.. New England); Sumner, Osburn, and Cole, Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. (1911), 31, 1913: 

 742 (refs.. Woods Hole, Mass., food, parasites); Regan, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (8) ig, 1917: 300 (descr.); 

 Bigelow and Welsh, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. (1924), 40, 1925: 107, fig. 44 (descr., size, range. Gulf of 

 Maine, habits, food, commerc. import.); Nichols and Breder, Zoologica, N. Y., 9 (i), 1927 : 38, fig. (distr. 

 New York, s. New England, food, life hist., size); Hildebrand and Schroeder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 

 (1927), 4J (i), 1928: 89, figs. 51-52 (synon., descr., relation., growth of young, food, habits, commerc. 

 import., range, Chesapeake Bay); Greeley, 17th Rep. N. Y. St. Conserv. Dep. (1927), SuppL, 1928: 95 

 pi. 3 in color (Oswego R. watershed); Jordan, Manual \'ert. .\nim. NE U. S., ed. 13, 1929: 40 (diagn., 

 range); Truitt, Bean, and Fowler, Bull. Md. Conserv. Dep., 3, 1929: 49, fig. 15 (descr., Maryland); 

 Breder, Field Bk. Mar. Fish. Atl. Cst., 1929: 65 (food, spawn., size); Greeley, 1 8th Rep. N. Y. 

 Conserv. Dep. (1928), Suppl., 1929: 167 (common Lake Ontario, enters Niagara R.); Jordan, Evermann, 

 and Clark, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. (1928), 2, 1930: 42 (names, synon., range); Greeley and Greene, 

 20th Rep. N. Y. Conserv. Dep. (1930), Suppl., 5, 1931: 82 (St. Lawrence watershed); Greeley and 

 Bishop, 2 1st Rep. N. Y. Conserv. Dep. (193 1), Suppl., 6, 1932-. 78 (common Lake Ontario, St. Lawrence 

 R., annu. mortal.); McKay, Copeia, 1934: 97 (first rec. for Lake Huron); Vladykov and McKenzie, 

 Proc. N. S. Inst. Sci., ig (i), 1935: 54, fig. 28 (Nova Scotia); Greeley, 24th Rep. N. Y. Conserv. Dep. 



