362 Memoir Sears Foundation for Marine Research 



Fish. (1899), 1900: 56 (refs.); Linton, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. (1899), ig, 1901: 277, 440 (food, 

 cestode and trematode parasites); Bean, T. H., 7th Rep. Forest Comm. N. Y. (1901), 1902: 309, fig. 

 (synon., local names, size, range, commerc. uses, migr.); Bean, T. H., Bull. N. Y. St. Mus., 60, Zool. 

 9, 1903: 211 (synon., descr., size, range, uses, New York); Linton, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. (1904), 24, 

 1905: 352 (nematode, trematode, and copepod parasites); Richardson, Bull. U. S. nat. Mus., 54, 1905: 

 231 (isopod parasite); Fowler, Rep. N. J. St. Mus. (1905), 1906: 103, pi. 6 (descr.. New Jersey); 

 Smith, N. C. geol. econ. Surv., 2, 1907: 130, figs. 44, 45 (diagn., range, size, common names, spawn., 

 econ. import.. North Carolina); Kendall, Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. nat. Hist., 7, 1908: 40 (refs.. New 

 England); Sumner, Osburn, and Cole, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. (191 1), JJ, 1913: 742 (reprod., food, 

 parasites, epidemic. Woods Hole, Massachusetts); Regan (in part of Latrobe), Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 

 (8) ig, 1917: 301 (5. patronus and B. atirea in synon., diagn., range); Kuntz and RadclifFe, Bull. U. S. 

 Bur. Fish. (1915-1916), J5, 1918: 119-123, figs. 76-86 (eggs, larval develop.) ; Hildebrand, Rep. U.S. 

 Comm. Fish. (191 8), Append. 6, 1919: 3, 2 figs., i pi. (photos of scales, descr., uses, spawn., food, 

 Beaufort, North Carolina); Huntsman, Contr. Canad. Biol. (1921), 1922: 11 (St. John Harbor, New 

 Brunswick); Bigelow and Welsh, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. (1924), 40 (i), 1925: 118, fig. 48 (descr., size, 

 range, breed., food, enemies, coramerc. import.. Gulf of Maine); Jordan, Fishes, 1925 : 277, fig. 21 1 (econ. 

 import., habitat); Fish, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish (1925), 1926: 165-167, 170, 172 (surface catches. Woods 

 Hole, Massachusetts); Nichols and Breder, Zoologica, N. Y., 9 (i), 1927: 41, fig. (distr., food, life hist., 

 size, New York and s. New England); Hildebrand and Schroeder, BuU. U. S. Bur. Fish. (1927), 4J, 

 1928: 102, figs. 55— 59 (refs., descr., var., food, spawn., econ. import., range, Chesapeake Bay); Jordan, 

 Manual Vert. Anim. NE U.S., ed. 13, 1929: 4 (diagn., range, uses, food); Truitt, Bean, and Fowler, 

 Bull. Md. Conserv. Dep., 3, 1929: 51, fig. 17 (descr., Maryland); Breder, Field Bk. Mar. Fish. Atl. 

 Cst., 1929: 69, fig. (range, uses, spawn., habits, "races"); Jordan, Evermann, and Clark, Rep. U. S. 

 Comm. Fish. (1928), 2, 1930: 44 (range, synon.); Wilson, Bull. U. S. nat. Mus., 158, 1932: 381, 

 401, 404, 437, 451, 480 and 517 (copepod parasites); Greeley, 26th Rep. N. Y. Conserv. Dep. (1936), 

 Suppl., II, 1937: 91 (brackish water Hudson R.; numerous at mouth of Mamaroneck R.); Perlmutter, 

 28th Rep. N. Y. Conserv. Dep. (1938), Suppl., 15(2), 1939: 17, tab. 4 and 15 (time of occur.. Long 

 Island; spawn.); Greeley, 28th Rep. N. Y. Conserv. Dep., Suppl., 15(2), 1939: 82 (young at Long 

 Island, New York; prey of other fish); Anonymous, Fish. Resourc, U. S. Senate Doc. 51, 1945: 71, 

 figs, (habits, biol., econ. import.); Hildebrand, Smithson. misc. Coll., J07 (18), 1948: 7, fig. I (synon., 

 relation., descr., var., range); Bigelow and Schroeder, Fish. Bull. (74) U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv., 5J, 1953 : 

 1 13 (descr., life hist.. Gulf of Maine). 



Brevoortia tyrannus Fowler, Monogr. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 7, 1945 : 45, 74, 165 and 266 (refs., occur.). 



Menhaden, Greer, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. (1914), 1915: 5-27, pis. 1-7 (complete acct. of industry); 

 Hardcastle, J. E. Mitchell Sci. Soc, 57(2), 1941: 214 (sporozoan parasite); Anonymous, Canned Fish 

 and Byproducts, Fish and Wildlife Service, CFS 304, 1945: 15 (statist, for 1945). 



Doubtful Reference: 



Brevoortia tyrannus Fowler, Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist., "^O (i), 1936: 174 (refs. part African; descr. of Amer. 

 specimens). 



Negative References: 



Alosa tyrannus De Kay (not of Latrobe), New York Fauna, Pt. 4, Fishes, 1842: 252, pi. 13, fig. 38 (descr., 

 probably Pomolobus aestivalis). 



Brevoortia tyrannus HenshaU (not of Latrobe), Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 14, 1895: 211 (Tampa, Florida; 

 presumably B. patronus); Evermann and Kendall, Proc. U. S. nat. Mus., JX, 1906: 74 (synon., lit. on 

 Brevoortia; cf. specimens from various localities, includ. two from Argentina; presumably B. patronus); 

 von Ihering, Rev. Industr. Anim., i (3), 1930: 229 (N. and S. Amer. representatives compared from 

 lit., econ. import.); Gunter, Publ. Inst. mar. Sci. Texas, j (i), 1945: 29 (habitat, Texas; this is B. pa- 

 tronus). 



