4o6 Memoir Sears Foundation for Marine Research 



larger than any American representative of the genus and that it is somewhat inter- 

 mediate between anchovia and brasiliensis (as herein understood) in the number of gill 

 rakers. Based upon two specimens of aur'tta from the Bay of Naples, Italy, the body 

 is more slender than that of anchovia (comparing specimens of equal size), the pec- 

 toral fin is somewhat shorter, and the ventral scutes are slightly more numerous, 35 

 and 37. However, the exact relationship must remain undetermined until more ade- 

 quate material becomes available for comparison. 



S. anchovia and the species herein designated brasiliensis are represented by close 

 relatives in Cuba and Jamaica even though other specimens, such as those from Woods 

 Hole, Massachusetts, and from Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, differ rather prominently. 

 However, the material from Cuba and Jamaica is too meager and too indifferently 

 preserved to determine the exact relationship (see Relationships pp. 405, 409). 



Variation. The increase in body depth and the number ot gill rakers have already 

 been noted (pp. 398, 399); examples of equal size also vary to a considerable degree in 

 these respects. There is variation also in the position of the dorsal and pelvic fins, rela- 

 tive size of eye, shape of dorsal, and length of pectoral (see Description^ p. 401). 



Commercial Importance. These fish are not common enough regularly north of the 

 Florida Keys to be of commercial importance, but at Tortugas, Florida, particularly 

 offshore in 10-20 fms., they are common {Sy : 7, 8). Longley reported that terns fed 

 upon them. Undoubtedly they are also preyed upon by predacious foodfishes. They 

 were observed in the market in Havana, Cuba, in February and March 19 12, by 

 Nichols, who said: "Abundant in the Havana market" {g8: 180). 



Range. Woods Hole, Massachusetts, to the Florida Keys, and probably south- 

 ward to southern Brazil. The specimens from the Gulf of Mexico coast seem to be 

 brasiliensis. Apparently they do not occur regularly north of Florida. In the vicinity of 

 Woods Hole, where they appear only during autumn {124.: 741), they were abundant 

 in the fall of 1892 at least. It has been said that they are generally common in the 

 West Indies region. 



Synonyms and References: 



Sardinella anchovia Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 20, 1847: 269 (orig. descr.; type local. Rio de 

 Janeiro, Brazil); Jordan and Evermann, Bull. U. S. nat. Mus., 47(1), 1896: 429 (descr., range); 

 Meek and Hildebrand, Field Mus. Publ., Zool., J5 (i), 1923: 183 (synon., descr., range); Breder, 

 Field Bk. Mar. Fish. Atl. Cst., 1929: 67, fig. (abund., food, size); Nichols, N.Y.Acad. Sci., 10 (2), 1929: 

 201 (distr., diagn., remarks, habits); Longley and Hildebrand, Publ. Carneg. Instn. Wash., 535, 1941 : 7 

 (synon., relation, with Clupea harengus, S. brasiliensii, and S. aiirila, descr., Tortugas, Florida, range). 



Clufea anchovia Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 7, 1868: 421 (diagn., range). 



Clupea pseudokispanicus Kendall and Smith (in part, Clupea harengus), Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. ( 1 894), 14, 1 89 5 : 

 17 (distr., descr., probably two or more species; cf. specimens from difF. locals.). 



Clupanadon pseudohispanicus Jordan and Evermann (in part Clupea harengus). Bull. U. S. nat. Mus., 47(1), 

 1896: 423 (descr., after Kendall and Smith; relation, to European species); Smith, Bull. U. S. Fish 

 Comm. (1897), ij, 1898: 91 (Woods Hole, Massachusetts; usually found with young Clupea harengus); 

 Linton, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. (1899), ig, 1901 : 438 (food, parasites, Woods Hole, Mass.); Evermann 

 and Marsh, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. (1900), 20 (i), 1902: 84 (descr., distr., Puerto Rican names, size, 

 synon.); Wilson, Proc. U. S. nat. Mus., jp, 191 1 : 370 (parasitic copepod, Bomolophus eminens, on gills); 

 Nichols, Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist., Jj(i8), 1912: 180 (abund. Havana, Cuba, market); Sumner, 



