RELATIONS OF THE NATURAL SCIENCES. 71 
magnetism. Dynamics, in the abstract, regards matter in general, without relation to 
species; chemism generates therefrom mineralogical or so-called chemical species, which, 
theoretically, may be supposed to be formed from a single elemental substance, or materia 
prima, by the chemical process. Dynamics and chemistry build up our inorganic world, 
giving rise to geogeny and, as applied to other worlds, to theoretical astronomy. 
“Proceeding now to the organic kingdom, its physiographical study leads us first 
to organography, and then to descriptive and systematic botany and zoology, two great 
sub-divisions of natural history. Coming next to consider the physiological aspect of 
organic nature, we note, besides the dynamical and chemical activities manifested in the 
mineral, other and higher ones, which characterize the organic kingdom. On this 
higher plane of existence are found portions of matter which have become individual- 
ized, exhibit irritability, the power of growth by assimilation, and of reproduction, and 
moreover, establish relations with the external world by the development of organs, all 
of which characters are foreign to the mineral kingdom. These new activities are often 
designated as vital, but since this word is generally made to include at the same time other 
manifestations which are simply dynamical or chemical, I have elsewhere proposed for 
the activities characteristic of the organism the term biotics (biotikos, pertaining to life).” 
“The philosophy of matter in the abstract is dynamical, that of mineral species is 
both dynamical and chemical, while that of organized forms is at once dynamical, chemi- 
eal and biotical. The study of the biotical activities of matter leads to organogeny and 
morphology, while the relations of organisms to one another, and to the inorganic 
kingdom give us physiological botany and zoology. We thus arrive at a comprehensive 
and simple scheme for the classification of the natural sciences, which is set forth in 
the subjoined table.” 

NATURAL SCIENCES. 
INORGANIC NATURE. 
ORGANIC NATURE. 

DESCRIPTIVE. 
or 
Natural History. 
General Physiography. 
MINERAL PHYSIOGRAPHY, 
Descriptive and Systematic 
Mineralogy ; 
Geognosy ; Geography ; 
Descriptive Astronomy. 
BIopHYSloOGRAPHY. 
Organography ; 
| Descriptive and Systematic 
Botany and Zoology. 

PHILOSOPHICAL. 
General Physiology 
or 
Natural Philosophy. 


MINERAL PuystoLoey. 
Dynamics or Physics ; 
Chemistry. 
Geogeny ; Theoretical 
Astronomy. 


BroPHYSsI0LOGY. 
Biotics. 
Organogeny; Morphology ; 
Physiological 
Botany and Zoology. 


