OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND THE NORTH-WEST. 29 
outside lowest veins, narrow, with a few veinlets at acute angles running to the teeth. 
In the figure one side of the leaf appears less eurved than natural, owing to a slight fold 
in the specimen. ; 
This leaf is very puzzling in its structure, and up to the time of writing out my paper 
for the press, I had seen only fragments of it. I have, however, been able at length to 
uncover a nearly perfect specimen in shale from Nanaimo, from'which the above descrip- 
tion is taken. The form and venation recall features of the genera Alnus and Platanus ; but 
I have seen no leaf, recent or fossil, which it entirely resembles. 
33. CARPOLITHES, Sp. 
Small, round, smooth fruits or seeds, also ovate seeds, and ovate seeds with a rib on 
one side, are found at Beaver Harbor and Baynes’ Sound. They may be seeds of taxine 
trees. 
. 
Miscellaneous and Undetermined. 
In the collections from Vancouver Island, there are many other kinds of leaves, refera- 
ble to the genera Quercus, Diospyros, Magnolia, &c., which are too imperfect for description, 
and there can be no doubt that the species above described, constitute but a fraction of a 
rich and varied flora which might, no doubt, be in great part restored by active and 
judicious collecting, pursued by observers having more time at command than those who 
have collected in these beds. 
III—THE LARAMIE AND TERTIARY FLORAS. e 
The whole of the plants classed under the last head belong to undoubted Cretaceous 
beds, characterized as such by animal fossils, and by stratigraphical position. It is true 
that the Coal-measures of Vancouver Island have been regarded as Miocene by the earlier 
observers ; but this was solely on account of the supposed Tertiary character of their 
flora. The more detailed explorations of the Geological Survey of Canada have fully 
established their relation with the beds holding Inoceramus, Baculites, and other Cretaceous 
forms. Some portion of the confusion regarding these beds arose from the mixture of 
their fossils with those of the Tertiary beds. For example, in Heer’s Memoir on the 
“Flora of Vancouver Island and British Columbia,” the greater part of the species 
described are from the Tertiary deposits of Burrard Inlet and Bellingham Bay, on the 
mainland. 
Both in British Columbia, however, and east of the Rocky Mountains, the Cretaceous 
proper is overlaid by newer beds. West of the Rocky Mountains these assume the form 
of old lake basins, filled with fresh-water deposits holding remains of plants and insects, 
which have been noticed or described in the reports of the Geological Survey of Canada, 
and are undoubtedly Tertiary, probably Miocene.* East of the mountains, on the other 
hand, the undoubted Cretaceous beds of the Fort Pierre and Fox Hill groups are covered 
conformably by a widely extended series of clays and sandstones, holding fossil plants 
and lignite, with brackish-water and fresh-water shells. This is known as the Laramie: 

*Reports of Geological Survey, 1875-6, 1876-7, 1877-8. 
