GLACIATION OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 59 
Crabb’s Brook, where the higher terrace leaves the coast, the space between it and the sea- 
shore being a broad plain. The average height of these drift-banks varies from 100 to 
180 feet ; but at Robinson’s Head, which is the highest part, it reaches 275 feet. (See 
Geol. Sur. of Nfld., p.229.) The rising movements referred to above have clearly been sub- 
sequent to the Glacial period, and are supposed to be still going on. 
GROOVES, SCRATCHES, AND DISTRIBUTION OF BOULDERS. 
Evidences of vast abrasion are abundantly displayed almost everywhere all over the 
island, by “roche moutonnée,” transported boulders, parallel grooves and scratches, and 
moraine rubbish. The rounded form of the hills is often very conspicuous ; the Cape 
Anguille range is softly rounded to the summits, rising to 1,860 feet at the highest parts, 
while the hills beyond, as seen from a western point of view, rise in a series of rounded 
peaks or cone-shaped domes to various altitudes, many of which are over 1,500 feet. Rounded 
or sloping escarpments usually face to the westward. 
The manner in which boulders are distributed over the surface is a point of much 
significance in regard to the direction in which ice movements have proceeded during Glacial 
times. The range of the Anguille Hills, the higher summits of the Lewes Hills, the Blomidons, 
and the mountains around Bonne Bay, both the latter over 2000 feet high are destitute, or 
nearly so, of erratic blocks, such loose masses as do occur being chiefly of the same quality 
as the rock upon which they repose. But proceeding easterly from the west-coast hills, the 
country is strewed with boulders in all directions, many of which are packed on the top 
of hills of considerable elevation. The region of the “Great Barrens,” between the valleys 
of the Humber and the Exploits, consists of a set of parallel ranges of hills, rising to altitudes 
varying from 1,500 to 1,800 feet above the sea, with very extensive marshes between the 
ridges. The ridge of which the mountain called “Old Harry” forms a part rises very 
abruptly from the shore of the Grand Pond to an altitude of 1,600 feet. South-east of that 
mountain is a vast undulating plain, in which Hind’s Pond and sundry other ponds are 
situated, the average elevation of which is between 600 and 700 feet, bounded on the south- 
east side by the ridge of Lobster House and Hind’s Hill, the water-shed between the Humber 
and Exploits. The drainage of this plain passes partly into Grand Pond and partly into 
Sandy Pond. Except in the valleys and beds of the streams, boulders are not numerous on 
the north-west side of the plain, nor are they numerous on the eastern shores of the Grand 
Pond; but they are in immense quantity on the western shore, and between the inlet and 
the outlet, both of which are at the northern end of the lake. Boulders are rarely seen upon 
the surface of the plain itself, which is mostly covered by a great thickness of bog or moss. 
The flanks of the ridge, onthe south-east side, however, are strewed with an enormous 
accumulation of huge blocks, mostly angular, in inextricable confusion. Some great slabs 
may be seen balanced upon each other like “ loggin-stones,” while one enormous square- 
shaped block, weighing probably a hundred tons or more, was seen resting upon three 
small stones as pedestals, which to appearance might have been purposely placed there to 
receive it. These blocks are chiefly derived from rocks of Laurentian age, which occupy 
all the surrounding country, and many or most of them have probably been removed for 
only short distances from the parent beds; but boulders of the same quality continue down 
the valleys of all the main rivers advancing eastward, mixed with others of more recent 
