GLACIATION OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 63 
up with enormous boulders, especially along the northern shore and around the outlet of 
Middle Brook, which proceeds from Butt’s Pond. Boulders are also very numerous, 
although more scattered, opposite the outlet of the Gambo, and the bed of the stream 
between Lower Gambo Pond and the sea is fullof them. The banks above are of stratified 
sand, which in great measure conceals the rock in the vicinity, which, however, is not of a 
favorable nature for the retention of ice marks. The hills on the Terra Nova River are all 
ice-worn and polished ; reaching an elevation of 400 feet or upwards, where many trans- 
ported boulders are perched upon their summits and strewed around ; but the plain below, 
which lies at aheight of about 200 feet, is covered by a thick deposit of stratified yellow sand, 
containing layers of bog-iron and manganese ores. The rock on which the boulders repose 
is of bad quality for retaining the marks made by them; but, were the larger and heavier 
ones to be moved from their present position, the marks would probably be found under- 
neath, as they were in many instances on the islands and hills in and around Bonavista 
Bay. Some well developed grooves were observed in the N. W. arm of Bloody Bay, bear- 
ing 8. 63° E., with large boulders resting in them. In a crevice of the rock near the upper 
Great Falls of the Terra Nova River, at the height of about 200 feet, a huge boulder of 
granite was seen wedged tightly between the sides. 
The late Capt. Kerr, R. N., of the Admiralty Coast Survey, made the following obser- 
vations upon ice action in Bonavista Bay, and in the neighborhood of Cape Freels, which 
he kindly permitted me to extract from his notes several years ago : 
“1. Ladle Island—In Sir Chas. Hamilton’s Sound at thirty feet above the sea. The 
groove extends completely across the island. It is ten feet wide and twelve inches deep. 
The upturned edges of the schist of which the island is composed are very unfavorable for 
receiving or retaining scratches. The direction of the groove is 8. 72° E. 
“2. One Tree Hill—On the west side of Poole’s Harbor, Bonavista Bay, rises to the 
height of sixty feet above an elevated bog, which gives it an island-like appearance. 
Scratches were observed underneath boulders bearing $S. 66° E., at 190 feet above the sea. 
“3. Pudding Hill—Near the same locality as No. 2. Scratches bore N. 66 E. at 143 feet. 
The observations were made under boulders, on Pudding Hill, which is situated on a 
narrow strip of land, separating the sea from the west end of a shallow arm of Poole’s 
Harbor. This arm receives the water from an extensive chain of lakes. Its entrance from 
the harbor is much encumbered by quantities of boulders, and quite separated from what 
must have formerly constituted part of the sea arm (the lake within) by a wide barrier of 
drift, which every year receives accessions from the breaking up of the ice. I have observed 
many similar instances (Heart’s Content, Ragged Harbor, etc.) in Newfoundland of the 
heads of sea arms having been cut off by barriers of boulders. 
“4. Shoe Hills—Bonavista Bay. Bearing of marks 8. 70° E. at 360 feet above the sea. 
These observations were made under boulders about a mile from the sea, on the peaks of 
a long flat-topped ridge separating two parallel valleys with lakes, the valleys in some 
parts of their courses narrowing to gorges or chasms—these chasms being a marked feature 
in the granite country. 
“5. Shoe Point—Bonavista Bay. Bearing of scratches 8. 70° E. at 214 feet over 
H.W.M. These observations were made on feldspar rock under boulders, the best 
preserved being about two inches square, under a stone two feet square by one and a half 
feet deep. 
