GLACTATION OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 67 
removed by water, as it can be seen to pass below the banks of stratified sand, which rise 
over it at some parts to upwards of 100 feet. The borings made in 1879 near the outlet into 
Grand Pond (see Geol. Sur. of Nfld., pp. 514,515) show that the boulder-drift was struck at 
Bore A, at a depth of from thirty-four to thirty-five feet through stratified sand, and at bore B 
at about thirty feet; in each case from a surface about ten or twelve feet above the lake level. 
The sand here is very regularly stratified in perfectly horizontal layers, some beds being 
compact and adhesive, resembling some of the less coherent beds of the coal measures, for 
which, in one instance, they were actually mistaken (p. 67, Geol. Sur. of Nfld.). The general 
color of the sand is yellowish with a tinge of red, as seen on the beaches at the northern 
end of the Grand Pond, which in some instances are upwards of sixty yards broad. It is 
chiefly constituted of coarse rounded grains of quartz, with some feldspar, scales of mica, 
and occasional grains of magnetic iron. The coherent beds of sand are of a brownish colour, 
varying in thickness from three to nine inches, the outcropping edges haying a mottled 
appearance. The whole region between the Grand Pond, and the west branch of the Humber, 
and on the east branch up to and around Sandy Pond is coated with this sand, the boulder- 
drift coming out from below at the Seal Rocks, a little distance above the latter pond. The 
ruins of Coal-Measure sandstones are likewise spread over the upper valley of the western 
branch of the Humber from Adie’s Pond downwards. A stratum of brown mottled cohesive 
sand was observed in a bank of stratified sand at a small pond immediately east from Hind’s 
Pond, at an elevation of 600 feet above the sea, while the shores of Hind’s Pond and the 
string of lakes on the eastern side of the water-shed are of sand. 
On each side of Cape Ray, at the south-west extreme of the island, sand of similar 
quality to the sand in the interior is accumulated to an immense extent along the shores, 
frequently as dunes of considerable elevation, which continues to the north as far as the 
Codroy Rivers. This sand is supposed to be derived from the Coal-Measure rocks, before 
referred to as being under the sea between the Newfoundland coast and the Magdalen 
Islands. 
Thick deposits of stratified clay are known at certain places on the eastern and also 
on the southern coasts, examples of which are to be seen at the mouth of the Exploits, at 
Random and Smith’s Sounds, Trinity Bay, and at Conne Arm, Bay D’Espoir ; in all of which 
cases, the deposits are overlaid by more or less strata of sand and gravel. 
The facts above narrated have led to the following suggestions regarding glacial 
phenomena in Newfoundland :— 
1. That the great physical features of those parts of the surface, which are chiefly 
constituted of the older and more endurable materials, were much the same as they are 
now during the Glacial period; but that the softer rocks of more modern date—ie. the 
Coal Measures, the Lower Silurian and Cambrian strata, and certain portions of the 
Huronian—have been greatly modified, or in some cases altogether swept away. 
2. That the three great lakes, besides numerous other rock basins, as well as the 
deep depressions which occur in the bays and most of the fiords, were scooped out by 
great glaciers, moving generally in a northeasterly direction, but deflected occasionally by 
the conformation of the ground to divergent courses. 
3. That the boulder drifts and scattered boulders are the remnants and ruins of 
great terminal and lateral moraines, brought into position by moving masses of ice proceed- 
ing from the west, tending easterly. 
