68 ALEXANDER MURRAY ON THE 
4. That there was a great glacier or ice-sheet slowly moving down the Gulf of 
St. Lawrence, which, in its course easterly, received numerous confluent glaciers on either 
side, the courses of which are to some extent indicated by the present courses of the 
various tributary rivers and streams. 
5. That the land has risen, and is probably still rising; but that the evidences only 
point to a moderate submergence—which seems particularly to apply to recent times. 
6. That the stratified clays and sands were deposited, after the glaciers had partially 
retreated or altogether disappeared, partly by salt and partly by fresh water. 
In a correspondence which I had with the late Capt. Kerr, R. N., wponthe glaciation of 
Newfoundland, he expresses the following opinion: “First, That the conformation of the land 
previous to glacial action, was much the same as it is now. Second, That the records 
observed could not be attributed to the action of either icebergs or floating ice. Third, That 
the phenomena produced was caused by land ice, collected in a central part of the island 
in the form of a dome, which was fed by perennial snows, ete, and threw out local 
glaciers in all directions.” 
In the remarks which follow these propositions, Capt. Kerr says regarding the second : 
“The amount of gravel and intermingled boulders spread over large areas appear greater 
than floating ice would be likely to deposit, and the arrangement is different to what 
might be expected from the discharge of cargoes from icebergs; and, from the position of 
the perched boulders on the lower summits and plains, they would appear to have been 
deposited by the descending and probably diminishing glaciers, originally in connection 
with the larger beds of gravel, much of which has been removed by the ordinary action 
of ice and water.” 
Many years ago the late Sir W. E. Logan pointed out that Lake Temiscaming, on the 
Ottawa, was the seat of an ancient glacier, and his observations, following the river down- 
wards, showed the presence of moraine matter in ridges running north and south at very 
many places, and often producing contraction in the channel of the river. Near L’Original, 
six of these ridges or lines occur in the distance of a mile. Numerous large boulders of 
Laurentian gneiss and labradorite are strewed on the surface of the Lower Silurian rocks 
at Grenville, where the finer detritus, which probably once accompanied them, has been 
washed away. Rigaud Mountain is covered by rounded boulders, arranged in parallel 
ridges almost to the summit, 600 feet above the sea. The excavation of the Ottawa below 
“the Chats” is deeper than the corresponding depth of the St. Lawrence below Lake 
Ontario, while the total fall is the same, the Lac des Chat and Lake Ontario being on the 
same level. The bearings of the striæ, as given in Geology of Canada, p. 892, from Lake 
Temiscaming downwards as far as Ottawa City, vary between south and east, but always 
having an easterly tendency, whereas lower down towards Montreal, the prevailing direc- 
tions point to the westward of south, sometimes as at Isle Perrot, as much as 8. 45° W. 
Farther down the river, and at various parts of the Eastern Townships, the s/riæ invari- 
ably point southeasterly, the average bearing being about 8. 50° E. In New Brunswick 
the direction of the ice markings is always southerly, most frequent with an eastern 
tendency, probably averaging 45° in the western parts of the province; but they point to 
westward of south towards the valley of the Kennibecasis, with a few exceptions. (See 
Mathews’ Superficial Geology of New Brunswick.) Near the Mingan Islands, and other 
parts of the Lower St. Lawrence, the bearings average about 8. 27° W., which is nearly 
