694 L. A. BORRADAILE. 
macrurous groups. For this purpose we must add to the list above certain other characters 
which, either from their own primitive character or because they are found in many of the 
primitive members of the groups we are trying to place, may be attributed to the forebears 
of these groups: (6) a large gill-formula, including all the gills of the ancestral reptant’, 
(7) a small thorn-like antennal scale?, (8) the last pair of legs not only on a free sternum® 
as in the Potamobiidae and Parastacidae, and slightly twisted at the end as in most 
macrurous Reptantia, but distinctly smaller than the fourth pair, removed from them, and 
carried more dorsally, (9) a rather short and broad rostrum, (10) appendices internae on 
abdominal limbs’, (11) a transverse suture on the telson‘. 
Numbers (6) to (9) of these remove the crustaceans in which they are found from the 
neighbourhood of the Eryonidea and Scyllaridea, since they are primitive features that the 
latter have lost. Numbers (6) and (10) remove them for the same reason from the 
Nephropsidea, to which, nevertheless, they are more akin than to the other macrurous groups. 
The jaws and the last thoracic sternum, but not the structure of the gills or the grooves 
on the carapace, are more like those of the Potamobiidae than those of the Nephropsidae. 
Assuming, as above, a common descent for the Crabs, Anomala and Thalassinidea, we 
must at the same time admit that they very early divided into two widely separated 
branches, one containing the Crabs and the other the remaining groups. The characters by 
which this separation is shown are the following: (1) The great reduction of the abdomen 
in the Crabs. This is entirely independent of similar developments in the higher Anomala, 
for the more primitive of the Paguridea and Thalassinidea, though they share the tendency, 
common to the whole assemblage of families under discussion, to shelter and protect their 
abdomen, have as yet been hardly more affected by it than, say, the burrowing genera of 
Nephropsidea, which are quite macrurous, while the primitive Galatheidea are little better 
in this respect. Moreover, in the Crabs, the reduction has gone so far that the abdomen, 
having lost its sixth pair of limbs (except for doubtful, unbranched vestiges in some Dromiidea), 
is now fitted for, and shows traces of. no other function than those connected with repro- 
duction, while in the Anomala and Thalassinidea, though some of its macrurous features are 
always reduced, it has kept the sixth pair of limbs and nearly always uses them either for 
swimming or for holding on a shell. The Lithodinea alone form an exception to this state- 
ment, but in them the asymmetry of the abdomen clearly recalls its former use, as in the 
Hermit crabs, to hold on a shell. These two types of abdomen—of which one does, while 
the other does not, show traces of adaptation to some other function than that of reproduction 
—I propose to call the “brachyurous” and “‘anomurous” respectively. (2) The carapace, which 
in the Anomala and Thalassinidea remains free, is in the Crabs fused with the epistome both 
at the sides and (except in Homolodromia) in the middle, under the front. (3) The antennal 
scale, which in many Anomala and Thalassinidea remains and is moveable, is never found in 
that condition in the Crabs. (4) The endopodite of the first maxilliped is broad and has 
nearly always an outer angle in the Crabs (see above, p. 425, fig. 110), but has not this shape 
in the Anomala and Thalassinidea, though some Hippidea approach it. (5) There are never 
appendices internae on the abdominal limbs of the Crabs, whereas these structures are present 
in most Thalassinidea and some Anomala. (6) The third pair of maxillipeds of the Crabs are 
1 See above, p. 692. This is shown by Jaxea, Homolo- is fused to the stalk. 
dromia, ete. 3 Not found in the Crabs. 
2 Among the Crabs found only in Homolodromia, where it 4 Found in certain Galatheidea and Paguridea. 
