The Formation of the Earth 75 



existed in the preplanetary material and, with it, entered into the composition 

 of the Earth through its whole depth. In the second place, the emission of gases 

 and vapours from the interior, leading to the formation of the hydrosphere and 

 atmosphere, was accompanied by the carrying out of organic compounds which 

 underwent further changes in the course of it. 



Such then, is the astronomical and geophysical background which must be 

 borne in mind when considering the problem of the origin of life on the Earth. 



REFERENCES 



1. G. P. KuiPER, Astrophys.J., 109, 308, 1949. 



2. G. P. KuiPER, in Astrophysics (Ed. by J. A. Hynek). McGraw-Hill, New York, 195 1 



3. V. G. Fesenkov, Sovremennye predstavleniya proiskhozhdenii nebesnykh tel. Akad. 



Nauk S.S.S.R., Moscow, 1953. 



4. V. G. Fesenkov, p. 9. 



5. A. I. Oparin & V. G. Fesenkov, Zhiznt vo vseleno'. Izd. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., 



Moscow, 1956. 



6. O. Yu. Shmidt, Dokl. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., 45, 245, 1944. 



7. O. Yu. Shmidt, Chetyre lektsii teorii proiskhozhdeniya Zemli. 3rd ed., Moscow, 1958. 



8. O. J. Shmidt, Alem. Soc. Sei. Liège (Liège symposium, 1954), 15, 638, 1955. 



9. H. C. Urey, Geochim. et cosmoch. Acta, i, 209, 1951. 



10. H. C. Urey, The Planets. Yale Univ. Press, 1952. 



11. H. C. Urey, Xlllth Int. Congr. pure appl. Chem., 1953, p. 188, Uppsala, 1954. 



12. H. C. Urey, Astrophys.J. Suppl., i, 147, 1954. 



13. H. C. Urey, Chapter 10 in Nuclear Geology (Ed. by H. Faul). John Wiley, New 



York, p. 355, 1954. 



14. H. C. Urey, Astrophys. J., 124, 623, 1956. 



15. B. Yu. Levin, Priroda, Leningr. 10, 3, 1949. 



16. B. Yu. Levin, Izv. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. Geofiz., 4, 289, 1953. 



17. B. Yu. Levin, Trudy geofizich. Instituta Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., 26 (153), 11, 38, 1955. 



18. I. S. Shklovskiï, Dokl. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., 76, 193, 1951. 



19. I. S. Shklovskiï, Astr. zhur., 28, 234, 1951. 



20. L. E. GUREVICH & A. L Lebedinsku, Dokl. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., 74, 905, 1950. 



21. L. E. GtTREViCH & A. L Lebedinskii, Izv. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. Fiz., 14, 



790, 1950. 



22. V. N. LoDOCHNiKOV, Zap. Min. Obshchestva, 2 Ser., 64, 207, 1939. 



23. W. H. Ramsey, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc, 108, 406, 1948. 



24. W. H. Ramsey, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., Geophys. suppl., 5, 409, 1949. 



25. K. E. Bullen, Nature, Lond., 170, 363, 1952. 



26. K. E. Bullen, Seismology. Methuen, London, 1954. 



27. K. E. Bullen, Ann. Geophys., 11, 53, 1955. 



28. S. V. KozLOVSKAYA, Dokl. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., 92, 903, 1953. 



29. B. J. Levin, Mem. Soc. Sei. Liège (Liège symposium, 1956), 18, 186, 1957. 



30. F. HOYLE, Frontiers of Astronomy. London, 1955. 



31. B. Donn & H. C. Urey, Astrophys. J., 123, 339, 1956. 



31a. N. V. SoKOLOV, Byull. Mosk. O-va Ispyt. Prirody, 3, 720, 1890. 



32. G. Mueller, Geochim. et cosmoch. Acta, 4, i, 1953. 



33. G. BoATO, Geochim. et cosmoch. Acta, 6, 209, 1954. 



34. G. P. Kuiper, Astrophys. J., 100, 378, 1944. 



35. H. Brown, in The Atmospheres of the Earth and Planets (Ed. by G. P. Kuiper). 



Univ. Chicago Press, 1949. 



36. R. T. Chamberlin, ibid. 



37. J. L. KuLP, Bull. geol. Soc. Amer., 62, 326, 1951. 



38. W. W. Rubey, Bull. geol. Soc. Amer., 62, 326, 1951. 



39. B. Mason, Principles of geochemistry, N.Y. - London, 1952. 



40. P. N. Kropotkin, Sov. Geol, Moscow, 47, 104, 1955. 



41. P. N. Kropotkin, P. 84. 



42. T. A. Link, Bull. Amer. Ass. Petrol, geol., 41, 1387, 1957. 



43. V. D. Porfir'ev, Tezisy dokladov na yubiletnoinauchno-tekhnich.konfer. L'vovskogo 



Politekhn. Inst., 1957. 



