SESSION V. DISCUSSION 489 



Equation (ii) expresses the 'principle of the acceleration of the increase of total 

 entropy' for a closed system. 



The complete equation for the motion of the whole system in accordance with (5) and 



(7) is : 



At 



AHcat.a = A I f(Oe^'dr + Bk{Tc^x. - r„)Ar + Cv{Tcat. - TJ (12) 







As may be seen from equation (12) the total amount of potential energy is transformed 

 into three separate forms of energy namely: internal energy, heat and the magnitude 



At 



A I f(r)e^«dr. 





 This magnitude must be identical with the whole sum of the working processes carried 

 out by the open systems. In accordance with the First Law of Thermodynamics this 

 result may be expressed 



A J f(r)e^-'dr = S XtXi (13) 







where Xt is an intensity factor and xt is a factor representing the capacity of the individual 

 working process. 



Let us consider one individual open system which expends a constant amount of 

 potential energy An^^j during a given time àt starting from any given moment t, 



t+At 



An^^^j^ = A i f(r)e^<dr + Bk{Tcat. — Ta)At - const. (14) 



f 



From (14) it follows that e'^' = i and that f(î) must be a periodic function of time: 



eh-t = 1 or ^ = o (15a) 



and 



f(0 = f gr. (r) (15b) 



the time of a single period t being considerably shorter than the time Ar (t <^ Ar). 



Hence we obtain an equation for the motion of the whole system when there is only 

 one open system present. 



t+ At 



Ancat., = A ! f p«. (r) dr + BkiTcat. " T„)à.t = const. (16) 



t 

 and, in the same way, that for the rate of increase of entropy : 



t+ At 



A I f (0 (^)^^ 



J per. 



Ta ^'^"^^Wv. cat. . _ ^^ ^ ß-^^j^^^^ _ j^^ (j^) 



The interpretation of this equation is as follows. 



The rate of increase of the total entropy of a system consisting of a single open system 

 and its surrounding medium is equal to the rate of outflow of entropy from the open 

 system associated with its working processes, plus the rate of development of entropy 

 within the open system associated with the flow of heat. 



The entropy-producing nature of the working processes carried out by an open system 

 consists in their decreasing the entropy within the open system while, at the same time, 

 increasing the entropy of the surrounding medium to the same extent. The double sig- 

 nificance, in regard to entropy, of the working processes may be explained by the fact 

 that the open system obtains the energy for its working processes in the form of highly 

 organized macroergic substances and converts them, in the course of its working, into 

 substances of lower energy which are eliminated. 



