OCCURRENCE OF PIGMY IMPLEMENTS IN CEYLON. 57 
the arrow shaft. I have numerous lunates which could not 
possibly be so mounted; and I have found a number of 
normal arrowheads, exceedingly small, mingled with the 
pigmy specimens below the surface. I think that several 
types, including the lunate, may have been used as hooks, 
not for fish only, but for birds. In Bandarawela; where the 
great bulk of my specimens were found, it is well known that 
fish are scarce and small. In England at the present day it 
is a@ common poacher’s trick to take pheasants on a hook 
baited with beans ; and I have seen a statement in Charles 
Kingsley’s works that deer used once to be caught in the 
New Forest with an apple suspended on a hook. I believe 
that no certainty will be attained until either we find some 
backward race using similar tools, or until more or less com- 
plete sets are found in caves with their shafts or mountings 
intact. I do not despair of such a discovery being made in 
Ceylon, where there are innumerable caves awaiting explo- 
ration. 
I proceed now to give an account of my own researches. 
At the beginning of 1913 I had accumulated about a dozen 
pigmies from various widely separated hill districts. In 
April of that year I rented a house on the top of the main 
ridge overlooking Bandarawela, which for want of a better 
_ name I have called Bungalow Hill. As all my Ceylon readers 
know, Bandarawela is a small inland town at an elevation of 
4,000 feet, situated in a grassy, undulating country, entirely 
free from continuous jungle, with a soil composed of gneiss, 
quartz, and felspar, generally decomposed. Outcrops of 
hard rock are scarce, and it is certain from my investigations 
that the bulk of the material used for implements, whether 
of pigmy or neolithic type, consisted of brook pebbles, which 
were carried to the hilltops and there broken up. On 
examining the hill on which I lived, I found at once a large 
number of pigmy implements scattered on the surface ; and 
in the course of a few weeks.I visited every hilltop within a 
radius of several miles, finding plentiful neolithic remains on 
the surface and occasional pigmies. It was however only on 
four hills, all in the immediate neighbourhood of the town, 
that I discovered pigmies in profusion. On three of the four 
8 6(7)14 
