OCCURRENCE OF PIGMY IMPLEMENTS IN CEYLON. 65 
which Ceylon abounds may have contributed their share to 
human security ; but the leopard, the bear, the wild boar, 
and the buffalo even at the present day demand short and 
sharp measures instantly and forcefully applied, nor can 
immunity be obtained by flight, concealment, or avoidance. 
The Vedda of to-day, in spite of occasional catastrophes, 
relies with good reason for his safety upon his powerful bow 
and steel axe. His predecessors could hardly have maintained 
themselves without a weapon for combats at close quarters 
in addition to the light arrows evidenced by the absurdly 
diminutive arrowheads discovered beneath the soil; and in 
my Opinion circumstances demand the supposition of spears 
and perhaps weightier arrow shafts, of which some pigmy 
types may have formed the barbs. 
In conclusion I will add a few remarks on the question 
whether pigmy and neolithic types were simultaneously used 
by the same race, a theory which was strongly combated by 
the late Mr. Gatty. In Ceylon, wherever I have found pigmy 
specimens on the surface, I have also found neoliths, though 
the converse by no means holds. On certain hills however 
near Nawalapitiya, where both types are found associated, I 
noted several specimens of pigmies, which by their worn and 
frosted appearance seemed to postulate a greater antiquity 
than the neoliths. I have not observed this contrast else- 
where, and as an isolated fact it may be accidental. I held 
till recently the opinion that the two types were coeval, and 
in digging at Bandarawela below surfaces richly strewn with 
pigmies and neoliths, I expected to find confirmation of my 
view. 1am obliged to confess that I have not done so. In 
all cases where identical types of implements from above and 
below the surface can be compared, there is no question that 
the former is on an average considerably larger than the 
latter. The only marked exception is the large round scraper 
from the pigmy layer already alluded to. I also picked up 
on the surface of Bungalow Hill a single arrowhead ; it is 
significant that this differs, not only in size, but in type 
from any recovered from below ground. I do not attempt 
at present to draw any hard and fast conclusion; but the 
evidence before me inclines me now to believe that the two 
9 6(7)14 
