CEYLON RAILS, WADERS, GULLS, AND TERNS. 225 
Summer: Upper plumage brown, tinged in parts with 
rufous and streaked with dark brown ; scapulars and tertiaries 
with dark shatt-stripes and herring-bone bars. The feathers 
of the lower plumage, except on the abdomen, are boldly 
streaked and spotted in the centre with blackish-brown. 
Young birds resemble adults in winter plumage, but are 
more marked on the upper parts, where the feathers have 
reddish-brown edges; the wing coverts and tertiaries are 
marked with fulvous; the foreneck, breast, and flanks are 
streakily marked. with ashy-brown. 
Bill black, reddish at the base ; iris brown; legs and feet 
orange-red. 
Length 11; wing 6°25; tail 2:5; tarsus 1:9; bill from 
gape 1°9. 
Distribution.—Moderately common on the coast from Man- 
nar round by Jafina to Hambantota. Rare on the west coast. 
Scattered through India and Burma in suitable localities ; 
found over most of Europe, Africa, and Asia, breeding in the 
temperate zone and wintering further south. 
Habits —Generally seen in small troops on the muddy 
shores of estuaries or lagoons near the cover of bushes or 
mangroves. A very shy bird with a loud call and a swift 
twisting flight, especially when fired at. 
Toranus Fuscus (Blanford, Vol. IV., p. 265 ; 
Legge, p. 848). 
The Spotted Redshank. 
Description.—Winter : Upper plumage ashy gray-brown ; 
lower back and rump white ; upper tail coverts barred black 
and white ; tail ashy-brown with broken bars of dark brown 
and white on the edges. Scapulars, wing coverts, and tertiaries 
dusky, edged and notched with white, the tertiaries with 
imperfect black bars. Primary coverts and primaries dark 
brown, the inner borders of primaries mottled with white, 
the later primaries and secondaries brownish, barred and 
tipped with white. Lores ashy-brown, eyebrow white ; 
sides of face, foreneck, and upper breast indistinctly streaked 
