PREFACE 



Of the 110,000 nautical miles planned for the seventh 

 cruise of the nonmagnetic ship Carnegie of the Carnegie 

 Institution of Washington, nearly one-half had been com- 

 pleted upon her arrival at Apia, November 28, 1929. The 

 extensive program of observation in terrestrial mag- 

 netism, terrestrial electricity, chemical oceanography, 

 physical oceanography, marine biology, and marine me- 

 teorology was being carried out in virtually every detail. 

 Practical techniques and instrumental appliances for 

 oceanographic work on a sailing vessel had been most 

 successfully developed by Captain J. P. Ault, master and 

 chief of the scientific personnel, and his colleagues. The 

 high standards established under the energetic and re- 

 sourceful leadership of Dr. Louis A. Bauer and his co- 

 workers were maintained, and the achievements which 

 had marked the previous work of the Carnegie extended. 



But this cruise was tragically the last of the seven great 

 adventures represented by the world cruises of the vessel. 

 Early in the afternoon of November 29, 1929, while she 

 was in the harbor at Apia completing the storage of 2000 

 gallons of gasoline, there was an explosion as a result of 

 which Captain Ault and cabin boy Anthony Kolar lost 

 their lives, five officers and seamen were injured, and the 

 vessel with all her equipment was destroyed. 



In 376 days at sea nearly 45,000 nautical miles had been 

 covered. In addition to the extensive magnetic and 

 atmospheric-electric observations, a great number of data 

 and marine collections had been obtained in the fields of 

 chemistry, physics, and biology, including bottom samples 

 and depth determinations. These observations were made 

 at 162 stations, at an average distance apart of 300 nautical 

 iniles. The distribution of these stations is shown in map 

 I, which delineates also the course followed by the vessel 

 from Washington, May i, 1928, to Apia, November 28, 

 1929. At each station, salinities and temperatures were 

 obtained at depths of 0, 5, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400, 

 500, 700, 1000, 1500, etc., iTieters, down to the bottom or 

 to a maximum of 6000 meters, and complete physical and 

 chemical determinations were made. Biological samples 

 to the number of 1014 were obtained both by net and by 

 pump, usually at o, 50, and 100 meters. Numerous phys- 

 ical and chemical data were obtained at the surface. 

 Sonic depths were determined at 1500 points and bottom 

 samples were obtained at 87 points. Since, in accordance 

 with the established policy of the Department of Ter- 

 restrial Magnetism, all observational data and materials 

 were forwarded regularly to Washington from each port 

 of call, the records of only one observation were lost with 

 the ship, namely, a depth determination on the short leg 

 between Pago Pago and Apia. 



The compilations of, and reports on, the scientific re- 

 sults obtained during this last cruise of the Carnegie are 

 being published under the classifications Physical Ocean- 

 ography, Chemical Oceanography, Meteorology, and 

 Biology, in a series numbered, under each subject, I, II, 

 III, etc. 



A general account of the expedition has been prepared 

 and published by J. Harland Paul, ship's surgeon and 

 observer, under the title The last cruise of the Carnegie, 

 and contains a brief chapter on the previous cruises of the 

 Carnegie, a description of the vessel and her equipment, 

 and a full narrative of the cruise (Baltimore, Williams 

 and Wilkins Company, 1932; xiii + 331 pages with 198 

 illustrations). 



The preparations for, and the realization of, the pro- 

 gram would have been impossible without the generous 

 cooperation, expert advice, and contributions of special 

 equipment and books received on all sides from inter- 

 ested organizations and investigators both in America 

 and in Europe. Among these, the Carnegie Institution 

 of Washington is indebted to the following: the United 

 States Navy Department, including particularly its 

 Hydrographic Oflice and Naval Research Laboratory; 

 the Signal Corps and the Air Corps of the War Depart- 

 ment; the National Museum, the Bureau of Fisheries, 

 the Weather Bureau, the Coast Guard, and the Coast and 

 Geodetic Survey; the Scripps Institution of Oceanography 

 of the University of California; the Museum of Com- 

 parative Zoology of Harvard University; the School of 

 Geography of Clark University; the American Radio 

 Relay League; the Geophysical Institute, Bergen, Nor- 

 way; the Marine Biological Association of the United 

 Kingdom, Plymouth, England; the German Atlantic 

 Expedition of the Meteor, Institut fiir Meereskunde, Ber- 

 lin, Germany; the British Admiralty, London, England; 

 the Carlsberg Laboratoriuin, Bureau International pour 

 I'Exploration de la Mer, and Laboratoire Hydrogra- 

 phique, Copenhagen, Deninark; and many others. Dr. 

 H. U. Sverdrup, now Director of the Scripps Institution 

 of Oceanography of the University of California, at La 

 Jolla, California, who was then a Research Associate of 

 the Carnegie Institution of Washington at the Geophys- 

 ical Institute at Bergen, Norway, was consulting ocean- 

 ographer and physicist. 



In summarizing an enterprise such as the magnetic, 

 electric, and oceanographic surveys of the Carnegie and 

 of her predecessor the Galilee, which covered a quarter 

 of a century, and which required cooperative effort and 

 unselfish interest on the part of many skilled scientists, 

 it is impossible to allocate full and appropriate credit. 



Ill 



