An Introduction to a Biology 



pursuit of the truth. So we would like to think 

 that man started the use of tools because he had 

 attained to a certain degree of intelligence ; or we 

 would like to think that the use of tools resulted 

 in the sharpening of the intelligence. It is more 

 probable that a slight advance in the one led to a 

 slight advance in the other, which thus got ahead 

 and was able to pull the first after it. But one 

 must beware of forming an image of this process on 

 the analogy of so practical a matter as the progress 

 of two things which are the puller and the pulled 

 by turns, like two children bicycling down a gentle 

 gradient hand in hand. 



We must dig deeper in the mind for an analogy, 

 and I suggest that we find it in the relation between 

 seeing and drawing. There is little doubt that the 

 reason why a man cannot draw is not, as the mechan- 

 ist thinks, that his arm and hand are badly con- 

 structed for the purpose of drawing. The fault 

 lies not in the arm but in the mind. Man, accord- 

 ing to his usual custom, shifts the cause as far 

 outwards as possible ; and the bad workman even 

 puts it in his tools. When a man cannot draw, it is 

 because he cannot see truly. On the other hand it 

 is certain that drawing is a great aid to seeing ; 

 in fact, it may almost be said that a man has not 

 truly, fully, and vividly seen a thing until he has 

 drawn it. If, then, a man's drawing cannot improve 

 unless his vision becomes truer, and if the improve- 

 ment in his vision depends on his drawing better, 

 each is waiting for the other to make a move, and, 

 logically, stagnation should be the result. But, 

 logic or no logic, the fact remains that drawing and 



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