FAMILY GONIODOMACEAE 



45 



apical pore platelet. Along other sutures of body, lists 

 may be absent and dissection is necessary to determine 

 plate boundaries. 



Spines . Dorsal and ventral spines present; antapi- 

 cal spines three. All spines have "brushes" as in C. 

 horrida . Antapical spines located at the ventral, dorsal, 

 and left corners of antapical plate. They lie almost in a 

 straight line because of the oblong shape of the antapical 

 plate (fig. 59C). Their dorsoventral lists are continuous 

 (fig. 59D). Autotomy of the spines is common. Figure 

 )9D shows a specimen with autotomy of the dorsal spine. 



Reproduction . Two daughter cells with old left moi- 

 eties were found. These showed mature dorsal and ven- 

 tral spines, but the antapical spines were minute (fig. 

 59E, G). 



Variation . There is comparatively little variation 

 in the shape of this species, although the size is varia- 

 ble. The greatest variation is in the spines, which may 

 be variously bent, long or short, single or double. Fig- 

 ure 59F shows a specimen with a double ventral spine 

 and with an extra, simple spine in the dorsal list. Some- 

 times the central core of the spine may not extend to the 

 body (fig. 15E, G). In such cases the cruciform struct- 

 ure of the spines is not developed. 



Historical . This species was clearly figured by 

 Schiitt (1895, pi. 4, fig. 20, 1-4), who, however, confused 

 it with Dinophysis j ourdanii Gourret (1883). Schiitt as- 

 signed his specimens and Gourret's species to the genus 

 Phalacroma , under the name P. j ourdanii . Entz (1902, 

 1905) accepted this interpretation and, in addition, made 

 the rather strange suggestion that this species repre- 

 sented a transition between the genera Phalacroma and 

 Ceratocorys . Kofoid (1910) definitely recognized the 

 true generic relationship of the Schuttian species and 

 placed this form in the genus Ceratocorys . Jorgensen 

 (1911b), apparently unaware of Kofoid s revision, ex- 

 pressed the opinion that Schutt's species belongs to 

 Ceratocorys . Kofoid, however, accepted Gourret's fig- 

 ure as representing this form. In the writer's opinion 

 Gourret's species (pi. 3, fig. 55) is quite obviously C. 

 horrida Stein, reported in the same year. In this re- 

 spect the writer agrees with the opinion expressed by 

 Paulsen (1931), who proposed a new name, C. gourretii, 

 for the Schuttian species. This name should be accept- 

 ed, since the name j ourdanii must be relegated to the 

 synonymy of C. horrida . Klebs (1884) recognized the 

 similarity between Gourret's and Stein's figures, but be- 

 lieved that Gourret, rather than Stein, realized its true 

 relationship, and thus he preferred the name Dinophysis 

 j ourdanii for Stein's as well as for Gourret's species. 

 In regard to Gourret's figure, the length of the spines, 

 shape of the body, and width of the cingular lists mark 

 it off sharply from Phalacroma j ourdanii Schiitt and re- 

 veal its identity with C. horrida Stein. It resembles the 

 former species only in having five spines instead of the 

 six characteristic of C. horrida . The left antapical 

 spine, however, which is missing in Gourret's figure, 

 often extends laterally so that it is not visible in the 

 view represented in this figure. 



The writer agrees further with Paulsen (1931) In the 

 allocation of the figures of Murray and Whitting (1899, 

 pi. 30, figs. 5a, 5b). Figure 5a represents C. g ourretii , 

 and 5b belongs to C. horrida . Kofoid (1910, p. 185) 

 erred in his reference to figure 5a and omitted any ref- 

 erence to figure 5b. 



Distribution . Ceratocorys g ourretii is a rare but 

 widespread tropical species. It has been reported from 



the Atlantic by Schiitt (1895), Murray and Whitting (1899), 

 and Dangeard (1927c). Pavillard (1931) reported it from 

 the collections of the cruise of the Prince of Monaco in 

 the tropical North Atlantic at 78 stations during the 

 years 1887, 1895, 1902-1905, 1908-1910. In the Medi- 

 terranean it was reported by Entz (1902, 1905), by Forti 

 (1922), by Paulsen (1931), and from 19 stations by 

 Pavillard (1931). Matzenauer (1933) found it at 2 sta- 

 tions in the Indian Ocean and at 2 stations in the Red 

 Sea. Until the Carnegie investigations it had been re- 

 ported only once from the Pacific, at San Diego (Kofoid, 

 1910). The Carnegie collection has added many new 

 records for the Atlantic and Pacific. 



In the Carnegie collection this species was found at 

 41 stations: 5 in the Atlantic and 36 in the Pacific. 

 There are 77 records of occurrence: 68 rare, 8 occa- 

 sional, and 1 common. The species was found more fre- 

 quently at the surface than at the lower depths, with 47 

 records for the surface, 16 for 50 meters, and 19 for 

 100 meters. There were 33 pump records and 44 net 

 records. 



In the Atlantic this species was found at 1 station in 

 the North Atlantic Drift (station 16) and at 4 stations in 

 the North Equatorial Current. In the Pacific it was 

 widely distributed in the tropical regions (fig. 52). In 

 the western Pacific, hbwever, it did not occur north of 

 19° north. North of the Hawaiian Islands it occurred as 

 far north as 34° north. In the southeastern Pacific it 

 occurred as far south as 32° south. It was not found 

 within a thousand miles of either North or South Ameri- 

 ca in the Pacific. 



The surface temperatures at the stations where the 

 species occurred at any depth varied from 22.°3 to 

 28.°7 C. The hydrographic conditions in situ were as 

 follows: temperature, 11°4 to 28.°7 C; salinity, 33.7 to 

 36.4o/oo; pH, 7.76 to 8.39; phosphate, 3 to 60 mgP04/m3. 



Ceratocorys g ourretii is apparently a widespread 

 but rather rare tropical species. The Carnegie obser- 

 vations indicate that it is confined to purely tropical wa- 

 ter. It was never found at a station where the surface 

 temperature was less than 22.°3, so that it is restricted 

 to water warmer than in the case of any other species 

 of the genus. Its geographical distribution is, thus, much 

 more limited than that of C. horrida . The species can 

 develop in water poor in nutrients. There were 21 rec- 

 ords of its occurrence in water with phosphate content 

 less than 10 mg P04/m3. 



Family GONIODOMACEAE Lindemann 



Diagnosis . "Shape somewhat spherical to polygonal. 

 Apex present. Girdle quite or nearly equatorial. Ma- 

 rine forms, which are distinguished by three antapical 

 plates, three apical plates in typical representatives. Of 

 the antapical plates, two are ventral, one dorsal. Length, 

 as far as known, 40 microns to 94 microns. Only one 

 genus." (Lindemann, 1928, p. 94.) 



Genus GONIODOMA Stein 



Diagnosis . See family diagnosis (monogeneric). 



Extent of the genus . The genus, at present, contains 

 only one well-authenticated species, G. polyedricum 

 Pouchet, which is the only one treated in this report. 

 Other species have been reported with very sketchy 



