288 NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS. 
Many people in Germany and Hungary carry on an ex- 
_ tensive trade in pastry, of which the principal ingredient is 
honey. The city of Nuremberg, in Bavaria, celebrated for- 
merly as the principal manufactory of geographical maps and 
terrestrial globes, is now distinguished for the manufacture 
of all sorts of gingerbread and cakes (called Niirenberger Leb- 
kuchen), made of honey and flour, which are in great de- 
mand through all the cities of Germany, and are even ex- 
ported to Russia. In the city of Presburg, in Hungary, 
among thirty or forty thousand inhabitants, we found at 
least a dozen pastry-cooks, each of whom, with their several 
journeymen, did nothing else but make small and large 
cakes in the form of a horseshoe, which were filled with 
pounded poppy-seed (Papaver rheas) mixed with honey. 
These cakes, of different sizes, weighing from half a pound 
to six pounds, are exported in quantities, and are known 
in Europe as the celebrated and delicious poppy-cakes (Pres- 
burger Mohnkuchen), which are commonly used as birthday, 
Christmas, and other holiday presents. 
In Hungary, Poland, Russia, Prussia, and throughout 
Germany, a delicious, refreshing, and wholesome beverage 
is prepared from honey and water, which is called mead. 
There are three kinds—the simple, compound, and the vi- 
nous mead. ‘The simple mead is made of honey and water, 
without undergoing fermentation ; the compound is mixed 
with fruit, essences, etc., to give it a mixed flavor; and the 
vinous is the simple mead fermented. 
Simple mead is made by boiling three quarts of water 
in which one part of honey has been dissolved: the quan- 
tity of honey may be augmented or diminished according 
to the taste of the persons who use it. It must be boiled 
over a moderate fire to two-thirds of the quantity, when 
the liquor is skimmed and poured into a barrel, taking care 
that the barrel is full: it is allowed to subside for three or 
four days, when it may be drawn off for use. This sort of 
