APPENDIX A LV 
which prevail in the mother country. The type of mind which has 
been developed in the century and a quarter of separate national exist- 
ence is one of great vigour and originality; but these qualities have 
for the most part been turned aside by the circumstances of a new 
country from abstract investigations. Research after the almighty 
dollar by the nearest short-cut has been, and perhaps still is, regarded 
as the chief national characteristic of our American cousins, and in 
this pursuit they have displayed a genius for concrete research in 
mechanical invention and an ability for commercial and industrial 
enterprise which have been an object of wonder, and latterly of anxiety 
’ to other nations. During the first hundred years of national existence 
the university of the gymnasium type which was inherited from 
England continued to develop and expand in the United States. Sud- 
denly, however, almost exactly twenty-five years ago, a remarkable 
modification was introduced. The year 1877 marks an epoch in the 
establishment of the Johns Hopkins University, with research courses 
leading to the degree of Ph.D. as an addition to the usual undergradu- 
ate work; in other words, a grafting of the German university system 
upon the original stock. It is proper to state that even before that 
date research work had been prosecuted incidentally in some of the 
older existing universities. On consideration of the circumstances it 
it not difficult to account for this new departure. The movement 
was undoubtedly due to the influence of American students who had 
gone to Germany for special studies. This migration to and fro had 
been going on for some time before the founding of Johns Hopkins 
and still continues, the number of such students gradually increasing 
from 77 in 1860 to an average of about 400 annually during the last 
decade. The new university experiment was a success from the first. 
The scheme was carried out on such a high plane that large numbers 
of able and zealous students were attracted from all parts of the 
continent by the facilities for higher study and by the scholarships 
and fellowships which formed part of the scheme. The appointment 
of graduates of Johns Hopkins to positions in other universities and 
their success as teachers and investigators have led to a widespread 
demand for professors who have proved their capacity for original 
work. 
Since 1877 many other universities, including the best of those 
already in operation, as well as new foundations, have added a graduate 
department leading to the Ph.D. degree, although none of these, with 
the exception of Clark University, has made the prosecution of re- 
search the sole business of the university. Some idea of the rapid 
progress of this movement may be gathered from the fact that the 
numbers pursuing graduate studies in the universities of the United 
