[s. E. DAWSON] THE LINES OF DEMARCATION 479 



the light of many occurrences in tlie Pacific and in eastera seas, it 

 might be well to examine our own consciences without dissembling be- 

 fore throwing stones at Pope Alexander on this account. 



While arguing for the validity of the Bull of 1493 the Venezuelan 

 counsel have greatly overstated the submissiveness of the English mon- 

 archs of those days and the historical instances of Mr. Harrisse, whose 

 Diplomatic History of America seems to have been prepared for the 

 case, have led them into error. \Yhi\e it is true that the Bull Lauda- 

 hiliter is authentic, it is necessary to read it in its own terms, when 

 it will appear, as Dr. Lingard '' long ago observed, tliat the Pope 

 " Adrian, by this instrument, avoids the usual language of feudal 

 " grants ; he merely signifies his acquiescence in the king's project ; 

 " he is willing that Henry should enter Ireland and he achnowledged as 

 "Lord by the natives." The submission of Henry cited as having 

 occurred 'at Avranches is not accepted as historical by English authori- 

 ties ; but even if the circumstance actually occurred, as stated, the 

 agreement is admitted to have been a private one by those who assert 

 that it was made. Being then, at the utmost, secret and made without 

 the consent of the barons, whatever binding effect it might have upon 

 Henry himself, it was invalid as against the realm of England. 



An intimate knowledge of the laws and ceremonial language of 

 Spain has probably prevented Senor Rafaal Seijas from incorporating 

 Mr. Harrisse's sixth chapter in the "case.'' He could not take so seri- 

 ously the oration of filial allegiance and submission in which the en- 

 voys of Ferdinand and Isabella, on an errand of congratulation to the 

 newly elected Pope, "lay at the feet of His Holiness, all they possess on 

 ". earth and on the seas ; not only their kingdoms, treasures, fleets and 

 " armies, but also their sons and royal persons." This must be taken 

 to mean only obedience in spiritual matters. Mr. Harrisse's ideas of 

 the relations between the temporal and spiritual powers would have 

 shocked every lawyer and statesman in Spain and nine-tenths of the 

 clergy also. 



It would lead me from my theme to discuss a subject so vast in its 

 literature and so important. I shall, however, enable the reader to 

 form, for himself, an opinion as to the extent of the submission in 

 strictly temporal matters of the monarcha of those days by letting 

 them speak for themselves. The following is an extract from a letter 

 by William I., who had just conquered England, to Pope Gregory VII. — 

 the great Hildebrand of Canossa memory — and William had received 

 a consecrated banner for his expedition from G-regor/s predecessor. 



" To Gregory, the most excellent Pastor of the Holy Church, Wilham, by 

 " the grace of God, King of England and Duke of Normandy, sends health and 

 " friendship. 



