[s. E. DAWSON] THE LINES OF DEMARCATION 489 



notary apostolic with, formalities unnecessary to repeat. There can, 

 therefore, be no doubt as to which document is the "primary Bull." 



If the Bulls B and C are considered together it will be seen that no 

 injustice was done to Portugal. The very mention of her rights en bloc 

 in the Eximiae devoUnnis and the grant of the same rights to Spain in 

 a different s])here confirmed them. Nothing was awarded to Spain, 

 but what she h'ad discovered and what she might discover beyond a 

 certain line. The monarchs were not misled by the formal phrases 

 which scandalize modern writers as being '^arrogant and presumptuous." 

 The decision is in the form of an absolute gift "We of our own motion, 

 " and not at your solicitation, nor upon petition presented in your name," 

 when every one knew that the Bull was issued at the request of Spain. 

 In like manner in 1732, King George II. granted the charter of 

 Georgia to his petitioners, "of our special grace, certain knowledge, 

 " and mere motion,'" while the territory granted had been discovered 

 and was disputed by Spain. What the Pope really did was to confirm 

 each power in what it actually had and to allot "spheres of influence" 

 in which they might pursue their discoveries without quarrelling — pre- 

 cisely as an international congress might do at the present day. No 

 more account was taken of the Caribs and Indians than is taken now 

 of Africans, Philippinos, Chinese or Hawaiians. Of course, they get 

 the blessings of religion and civilization ; but those also were promised 

 in the Bulls and, in short, in view of recent movements towards a court 

 of international arbitration, the whole proceeding has a modern air — 

 there is as much fundamental justice in one case as in the other. 



Finally there is a fourth document (see appendix C) which we have 

 lettered D. ]Mr. Harrisse states that it is "known at present only in a 

 "' S'pa.nish translation made Aug. 30, 1554, by one Gracian, doubtless 

 " Diego Gracian de Aldrete, then secretary of Philip II. for foreign 

 " languages." It is given in Navarrete as Bula de la extension de la con- 

 cesion y donacion aposfoUca de las Indias. There is, indeed, a Latin 

 version in Solorzano, but Mr. Harrisse is doubtless correct in supposing 

 il to be a translation from the Spanish, necessary in a treatise written 

 in Latin. The most careful researches at Simancas, Seville and at 

 Kome, have failed to find any trace of an original of the Bull. Not- 

 withstanding the frequency of forgeries of apostolical letters, said by 

 Mr. Harrisse to have existed in the time of Alexander VI., he thinks 

 that there was a valid original Bull. The letter cited by him does not 

 bear on the point. It was written by the Catholic sovereigns from 

 Barcelona, Sept. 5, to Columbus, then at Seville, preparing to start on 

 his second voyage. They wrote to ask his opinion on certain statements 

 made and say that, if they are true, the Bull (of May 4) should be 



