[FLETCHER] INJURIOUS INSECTS OF CANADA 219 



pruning with a strong solution (2 lbs. in 1 gallon of water) of "'wluilo- 

 oil" soap, a concentrated fish oil soap emulsified with caustic potash. 



During the San José Scale investigations it became kno^vn thai 

 three other dangerous scales were' present and. wide-spread upon Cana- 

 dian fruit trees, viz., two native species, the Forbes Scale {Aspidiolits 

 Forhcsi, Jnsn.) and the Putnam Scale (A. ancyhis, Ptnm.), and besides 

 these a European scale knowai as Aspidiotns ostrcœformis, Curtis, the 

 last named first found in America near Chilliwack in British Columbia, 

 but now known to occur in many parts of Western Ontario, as well as in 

 many of the Eastern United States. 



IsTew York Plum Scale {Lecanium ccrasifex, Fitch). — The first 

 appearance of this scale as a noxious insect in Canada ^vas in 189i. (Rep. 

 I'^xp. Farms, 1895, p. 157.) This is not nearly so difficult to treat 

 successfully as the last species. Spraying the tre'es during the winter 

 with the well known kerosene emulsion (Riley-Hubbard formula) 

 diluted with four parts of water has been found to be the most satis- 

 factory treatment. 



The Cigar Case-bearer (Coleophora fleicherella, Fernald). — This 

 destructive orchard pest which occasionally increases rapidly, and the! 

 caterpillar of which does so much harm to apple trees early in the 

 season, was abundant in many parts of Canada in 1891. (Rep. Exp. 

 Farms, 1891, p. 196.) The young caterpillars hibernate on the twigs 

 in their small curved cases, and as soon as the warm weather begins 

 they revive and attack the buds and unfolding leaves. Soon after, they 

 form new and larger cases, shaped like miniature cigars, one quarter of 

 an inch in length, inside which they live, moving about and feeding for 

 some time on the leaves, through the surface of which they eat a small 

 hole and then consume the parenchymatous tissues only, by extending 

 the body for some distance around this hole between the epidermal 

 layeTs of the upper and lower surfaces. In these cases also they com- 

 plete their transformations, and the minute silky-gi'ay moths emerge 

 through the upper end of the cases at the end of July, Persistent 

 spraying of the trees with Bordeaux mixture containing Paris green, or 

 with kerosene emulsion early in the season, are necessary to control this 

 pest. 



The Apple Fruit-miner (Argyresthia conjugella, ZelL). — During 

 1896 (Rep. Exp. Farms, p. 258) a new pest of the a-pple appeared in 

 alarming numbers in the Eraser valley and in Vancouver Island in 

 British Columbia. The infested fruit was much gnarled and rendered 

 unfit for the market by the work of the small caterpillars of a very 

 small tineid moth not previously noticed in North America, but which 

 in Europe was known to breed in the fruit of mountain ash (Sorhus 



