BUTTERFLIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 37 



The Ceylon works of reference available to a student are : — 



1. " Sir Emerson Tennant's Ceylon," published in 1859. 

 The list of butterflies therein given numbers 172 species, 

 mostly from the collections of Dr. Templeton and Mr. E. L. 

 Layard. The list is now of little use, many of the species not 

 being traceable , and others being purely Indian. It is , however , 

 of interest in that it records 69 Nymphalidae, 17 Papilionidse, 

 and 27 Pieridse, against 69, 15, and 28 respectively existing 

 at present. 



2. In 1880-81 the first volume of Moore's " Lepidoptera of 

 Ceylon " was issued, followed at intervals by the second and 

 third. In this 250 species are described, and the larger 

 number figured. Mr. Moore was a splitter, and 40 of his 250 

 species can be eliminated ; the materials for Mr. Moore's work 

 were furnished by Dr. Thwaites, Capt. Wade Dalton, Capt. 

 Hutchison, Mr. E. E. Green, and myself. The three volumes 

 are expensive. 



3. In 1889 an up-to-date and compact " list of the butter- 

 flies of Ceylon" was issued by Mr. de Niceville and Major 

 Manders, R.A.M.C. The notes to the various species are very 

 serviceable. 228 species are enumerated ; 5 or 6 of these are 

 now regarded as varieties only, and a few more species, since 

 discovered or then overlooked, must be added. 



Indian works of reference, including Ceylon, are : — 



1. " The Butterflies of India, Burma, and Ceylon," by 

 Marshall and de Nice ville , Vol. I., appeared in 1882. Vols. II. 

 and III. at intervals later. I think this the most interesting 

 of any of the Indian reference works from its wealth of notes. 

 Unfortrmately through Mr. de Niceville's death, the much 

 wanted Vol. IV. was never issued : it would have dealt with the 

 Hesperidge, the most difficult family of the Lepidoptera to 

 describe. 



2. In 1905 the Government of India through the British 

 Museum, under the title of " The Fauna of British India 

 including Ceylon and Burma," issued the first volume , and m 

 1897 the second volume. The editor was Col. C. T. Bingham, 

 who , unfortunately , died before finishing the third volume, 

 which would have completed the Lycosnidse and dealt with 

 the Hesperidse. As an author, Col. Bingham was a slumper — 



