AMPHI-ATLANTIC ZONATION, NEMORAL TO ARCTIC 



117 



cr 10' 20* 30- 40" 50" 



Fig. 3. Biotic zonation of north, central and east Europe. 



1. Arctic zone. 



2. Alpine belts. 



3. Sub-Alpine and Montane belts of 

 non-Boreal mountains. 



4-8. Boreal zone: 



4. Sub-Alpine Birch Woodland 

 belt of Fennoscandia. 



5. Woodland-tundra sub-zone. 



6. Sub-Arctic and Boreo-montane 

 sub-zone. 



7. Main Boreal zone. 



8. Southern Boreal sub-zone. 

 9. Boreo-nemoral zone. 



10. Birch-Aspen Woodland region of 



west Siberia. 

 11-12. Nemoral zone: 



1 1 . Northern sub-zone. 



12. Central sub-zone. In North 

 America: Qiierciis-Caiya and 

 Castanea - Qiierciis - Liiiodend- 

 ron\ in Europe: Qiiercus 

 pubescens, Juglans, cultivation 

 of grapes, etc, (sub-Mediter- 

 ranean). 



13-14. Woodland Steppe zone: 



13. Northern sub-zone. In North 

 America: Pine, aspen, birch 

 and a few southern species, 

 e.g. Acer negimdo, Qiiercus 

 maciocarpa, etc.; in Europe: 

 Qiiercus robur; in Europe and 

 west Siberia: Tilia cordata. 

 The North American region 

 equates both regions (10) and 

 (13) of Siberia. 



14. Southern sub-zone. In North 

 America : Oak-hickory groves ; 

 Europe: oak and pine with 

 sub-Mediterranean species. 



15. Steppe (Prairie) zone. 



16. Steppe Desert zone. 



17. Desert Scrub zone. 



18. North Atlantic Pine-Birch Wood- 

 land and Heath region (with 

 Qiiercus, Taxus, Hedera, Ilex in 

 Scotland and west Norway). 



